Tib neeg lub hlwb tas li tau txais thiab ua cov cim los ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud nrog kev pab los ntawm cov tshuab tshwj xeeb hu ua cov ntsuas ntsuas. Lawv cov qauv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau kawm hauv kev nthuav dav los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb I. P. Pavlov. Nws muab tawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tag nrho cov sensory systems muaj xws li peb cov qauv: lub peripheral seem, conduction thiab cortical.
Piv txwv li, hauv cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas pom tias hnov tsw, thawj feem yog sawv cev los ntawm olfactory receptors, tom qab ntawd cov hlab ntsha ua raws, thiab thaum kawg, qhov kawg suav nrog thaj tsam hauv lub hlwb cortex. Cov paj hlwb uas yog thawj zaug pom qhov stimuli (ntau yam ntxhiab) yog nyob rau hauv lub mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav, thiab cov receptors uas paub qhov txawv saj yog nyob rau saum npoo ntawm mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab tus nplaig. Ntxiv mus, peb xav tias iab, qab zib, qab ntsev thiab qaub saj nyob rau hauv lawv ntau yam.
Nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm peb yuav paub seb qhov saj thiab olfactory receptors yog dab tsi, thiab kuj txiav txim siab lub physiological mechanismQhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev xav sib xws hauv tib neeg lub cev.
Tus receptor yog dab tsi?
lo lus no, siv nyob rau hauv lub physiology ntawm lub paj hlwb ntau dua, pib nrog cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm P. Erlich thiab P. Anokhin, muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no: ib qho receptor yog ib feem ntawm lub paj hlwb lossis endocrine system, muaj peev xwm txuas thiab khi cov tshuaj lom neeg - cov neeg kho kom haum xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis cov xwm txheej neurogenic. Raws li txoj kev xav ntawm cov hlab ntsha xaus, qhov kev tsim no spatially coincides nrog lub molecule ntawm ib tug ntxhiab tsw los yog gustatory tshuaj, zoo li tus yuam sij thiab lub xauv. Qhov no yog lub teeb liab rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem excitation nyob rau hauv lub olfactory receptors nyob rau hauv lub peripheral seem ntawm lub analyzer. Nws raug xa mus ntxiv mus rau qhov chaw hauv qab no ntawm olfactory perceiving system, nyob rau hauv uas kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais yuav tshwm sim.
qauv ntawm lub paj hlwb
Neurocyte tsis tsuas yog lub cev xwb, tab sis kuj muaj ob hom txheej txheem. Ib qho axon yog qhov xaus ntev heev uas ua haujlwm rau kev xa cov paj hlwb uas twb tau tshwm sim hauv cov ceg luv (dendrites). Lawv complex nrog txhawb cov hlwb ntawm epithelial keeb kwm thiab intercellular tshuaj, glia, yuav zoo li ib tug receptor tsim. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lawv ntau hom, piv txwv li, cov hlab ntsha xaus uas pom cov tshuaj, uas suav nrog olfactory receptors, thaum kawg los mus rau kev hloov ntawm excitation mus rau thaj tsam cortical ntawm lub hlwb. Xav txog nws ntxiv.
Mechanism ntawm kev ua haujlwm receptor
Nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv hauv qab no: ua ntej, muaj kev nkag siab ntawm stimuli thiab kev hloov pauv hauv lawv qhov kev ua ntawm polarization ntawm nws daim nyias nyias. Kev hloov kho ntawm spatial configuration ntawm cov teeb liab proteins nyob rau saum npoo ntawm dendrites kuj ua tau. Tag nrho cov no ua rau cov tiam ntawm kev ua muaj peev xwm thiab, vim li ntawd, cov tsos mob ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulses hauv cov neuron. Raws li nws tau muab tawm, olfactory receptors muaj peev xwm ntes tau me me ntawm cov molecules ntawm ntau yam gaseous, uas yog, lawv muaj qhov pib nkag siab tsawg. Kev nkag siab ntawm cov tshuaj no cuam tshuam rau lub xeev ntawm peb lub cev li cas?
Nyob hauv V. Pikul txoj haujlwm "Fragrant Symphony of Life", tus neeg pluag perfumer ua tsis tiav tau nrhiav tes thiab lub siab ntawm tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb. Txhawm rau cuam tshuam nws tus neeg sib tw (tus neeg hu nkauj nto moo), nws tuaj nrog cov hauv qab no. Tus tub hluas coj mus rau qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj ib lub pob tawb loj ntawm cov paj yeeb violets thiab muab tso rau saum lub piano. Tus kws kos duab ua tsis tau raws li ib daim ntawv siab, thiab nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam ua tsis tiav. Lub perfumer, nws hloov tawm, paub tseeb tias tib neeg olfactory receptors, ntes cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm violets, cuam tshuam rau lub suab qaum, cuam tshuam lawv txoj haujlwm.
Tseeb tiag, olfactory analyzer yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau rhiab thiab understudied hom sensory systems. Nws cov dej num yog ze ze rau kev xaav ntawm saj thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev xav thiab lub cev ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Ntawm no cov cuab yeej ntawm tsw, xws li ib ceg ntawm cov tshuaj raws li aromatherapy tshwm sim. Nws yog paub tias tsw tsw ntawm lavender thiab rosemary, uasperceive olfactory receptors, calm lub paj hlwb thiab txo kev ntxhov siab. Lub aroma ntawm txiv qaub pab kom pom tseeb, thaum eucalyptus thiab jasmine nce efficiency.
Chemoreceptor sensory systems
Tus Olfactory Analyzer hloov cov khaus khaus tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg rau hauv cov ntxhiab tsw. Nws pab ib tus neeg mus ntxiab tshuaj lom, muaj kev phom sij hauv huab cua lossis saib cov zaub mov tsis zoo. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv adaptive khoom ntawm lub cev. Yog li, olfactory receptor perceives lub caustic, irritating mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub pa ib ntsuj av tau thiab ntsws, tsis hnov tsw ntawm ammonia nyob rau hauv ib koob ntawm tsuas yog 70 molecules ib 1 ml ntawm dej. Ua ib tug chemoreceptor, nws kis excitation mus rau lub paj hlwb olfactory. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, cov hlab ntsha impulses nkag mus rau qhov tob ntawm lub cev ntawm lub cev ntawm lub paj hlwb cortex, qhov twg thaj tsam olfactory yog localized. Nco ntsoov tias cov villi ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw receptors muaj peev xwm teb rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov tshuaj: los ntawm 2 mus rau 8 molecules hauv 1 ml ntawm huab cua.
Ntsuab raws li lub cev tsw qab
Nyob rau hauv lub mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub sab sauv thiab ib nrab ntawm qhov ntswg qhov ntswg, ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 2.6 txog 5 cm 2, muaj cov neurocytes, nyob rau hauv pawg ntawm 8-10. hlwb. Lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev txhawb nqa cellular cov ntsiab lus thiab muaj cov plaub hau uas muaj fibrils sab hauv. Olfactory cells muaj ntau tus RNA molecules hauv cytoplasm. Qhov no yog vim muaj cov metabolism hauv siab thiab nquag tshwm sim ntawm cov protein biosynthesis. Cov txheej txheem-dendritesncaj qha kev sib cuag nrog cov molecules ntawm odorous gaseous tshuaj. Cov no yog olfactory receptors. Chemical compounds plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm stimuli, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm paj hlwb depolarize. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua rau qeeb qeeb vim muaj kev mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua pa lossis ua xua ntawm cov kab mob ua pa sab saud. Lub epithelial hauv ob sab phlu ntawm lub qhov ntswg swells, secreting ntau mucus. Qhov no ua rau kom txo qis ntawm cov hlab ntsha xaus thiab ua rau muaj kev tsis zoo ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug, mus txog rau qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov tsis hnov tsw thiab saj.
Dab tsi txiav txim siab qhov rhiab ntawm receptors?
Olfactory receptors nyob rau hauv lub mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub Upper pa ib ntsuj av, yog li qhov tshwm sim ntawm tej yam tsw hnov tsw yog feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov concentration ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw nyob rau hauv cov huab cua inhaled. Yog li ntawd, cov roj tuab squeezed tawm ntawm cov petals muaj ib qho tsis kaj siab, nyuaj rau nrhiav tsis hnov tsw. Lub ilv aroma ntawm roses tshwm tsuas yog thaum cov roj concentrate yog muaj zog diluted.
Cov kws tshaj lij txheeb xyuas rau qhov kev xav tau yooj yim. Cov no muaj xws li tsw: resinous, floral, ntsim, putrid, fruity, burnt. Raws li physiological yam ntxwv ntawm kev xaav, huv si, irritating thiab sib tov tsw. Qhov rhiab ntawm cov hlab ntsha xaus rau lawv yuav txo qis yog tias ib tug neeg haus luam yeeb lossis haus cawv.
Kev tshawb xav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm tsw
Ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tsis muaj ib qho kev pom ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm lub tshuabtsw qab. Qhov feem ntau lees paub tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog stereochemical txoj kev xav, raws li lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab cov tshuaj stimulus belongs rau cov paj hlwb ntawm neurons. Olfactory receptors yog ib hom ntawm cov kav hlau txais xov uas ntes cov ntxhiab tsw molecules thiab hloov cov qauv ntawm lawv tus kheej membrane proteins nyob rau hauv raws li lub spatial configuration ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no, lub paj hlwb yog polarized, thiab cov hlab ntsha impulse tshwm sim, piv txwv li, qhov tshwm sim ntawm tsis hnov tsw muaj ob yam: tshuaj thiab neurogenic.
Peb kuj tseem nco ntsoov tias cov kws tshawb fawb siv lub tswv yim ntawm cov xim olfactory los piav qhia qhov tsos ntawm tsw. Cov tshuaj no muaj tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm xws li rhodopsin thiab iodopsin - cov khoom sib txuas uas yog ib feem ntawm qhov muag pom ntawm retina: rods thiab cones. Cov active molecules ntawm lub olfactory pigment muaj electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo siab lub xeev, vim hais tias ntxhiab tsw kuj ua rau cov kev hloov ntawm nqi hais mus rau siab zog. Rov qab mus rau qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov, cov hluav taws xob tso tawm lub zog quantum, uas ua kom qhov tshwm sim ntawm excitation nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha xaus ntawm olfactory neuron.
Txoj kev txiav txim siab qhov tsis hnov tsw
Qee txoj haujlwm (piv txwv li, perfumer lossis ib tus saj) xav kom muaj kev nkag siab ntawm qhov hnov tsw thiab saj. Qhov muaj zog rhiab heev ntawm olfactory analyzer receptors rau odors feem ntau yog ib qho cuab yeej ntawm tib neeg lub cev, tab sis nws kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho tom qab ntev.kev tawm dag zog. Muaj ib qho kev sim uas tau ua nrog lub cuab yeej - olfactometer. Nws txhais tau tias qhov kev nkag siab zoo: qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov sib xws olfactory sensation.
Nws yog siv rau hauv kev kuaj mob anosmia, xam qhov siab tshaj plaws uas tso cai rau cov tshuaj lom tsis haum rau hauv kev lag luam emissions. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv olfactometry hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw kuaj mob huv thiab kis kab mob los tsim kom muaj kev lom lom ntau ntawm cov lag luam, hauv cov chaw noj mov hauv pej xeem, thiab hauv tsev kawm ntawv.
