Keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias yog ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb, yog li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm nws yog qhov tseeb rau txhua tus. Ib tug neeg uas paub txog keeb kwm ntawm nws cov neeg tuaj yeem taug kev hauv qhov chaw niaj hnub no thiab muaj peev xwm teb tau cov teeb meem tshwm sim. Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm pab kawm txog kev tshawb fawb uas qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm cov uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam no.
thawj zaj dab neeg
Thaum tsis muaj lus sau, keeb kwm kev paub dhau los ntawm qhov ncauj mus rau qhov ncauj. Thiab cov neeg sib txawv muaj cov dab neeg zoo li no.
Thaum sau ntawv tshwm sim, cov xwm txheej tau pib sau tseg hauv keeb kwm. Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias thawj qhov chaw hnub rov qab mus rau X-XI centuries. Cov ntawv qub tsis tau khaws cia.
Thawj lub neej muaj sia nyob yog tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Kiev-Pechora monastery Nikon. Txoj hauj lwm ua tiav tshaj plaws tsim los ntawm Nestor yog Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo (1113).
Tau kawg, cov haujlwm no tseem tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev tshawb fawb, tab sis ua tsaug rau lawv, thawj lub pob zeb tau muab tso rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev.
Tom qab ntawd, "Chronograph" tshwm sim, sau los ntawm tus Vaj Ntxwv Philotheus thaum kawg ntawm 15th-pib xyoo pua 16th. Cov ntaub ntawv muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb thiab qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm Moscow tshwj xeeb thiab Russia hauvzuag qhia tag nrho.
Tau kawg, keeb kwm tsis yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov xwm txheej nkaus xwb, kev tshawb fawb tau ntsib nrog kev nkag siab thiab piav qhia txog keeb kwm lem.
Kev tshwm sim ntawm keeb kwm raws li kev tshawb fawb: Vasily Tatishchev
Kev tsim cov keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws Russia pib thaum xyoo pua 18th. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg Lavxias tau sim ua kom paub lawv tus kheej thiab lawv qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb.
Vasily Tatishchev yog thawj tus kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo txawj xav thiab politician ntawm xyoo ntawd. Lub xyoo ntawm nws lub neej yog 1686-1750. Tatishchev yog ib tug neeg muaj txiaj ntsig heev, thiab nws tau tswj hwm txoj haujlwm ua tiav raws li Peter I. Tom qab koom nrog kev ua tsov rog Northern, Tatishchev tau koom nrog hauv xeev. Nyob rau hauv parallel, nws sau keeb kwm chronicles thiab muab tso rau hauv kev txiav txim. Tom qab nws tuag, ib tug 5-ntim hauj lwm tau luam tawm, uas Tatishchev ua hauj lwm thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, - "Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm".
Hauv nws txoj haujlwm, Tatishchev tau tsim qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov xwm txheej tshwm sim, raws li cov ntawv sau tseg. Tus neeg xav tau raug suav hais tias yog poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm.
YMikhail Shcherbatov
Tus kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias Mikhail Shcherbatov kuj nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Lavxias Academy.
Shcherbatov yug hauv tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Tus txiv neej no muaj kev paub encyclopedic. Nws tsim "Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm los ntawm Ancient Times".
Cov kws tshawb fawb tom qab dhau los thuam Shcherbatov txoj kev tshawb fawb, liam nws ntawm qee qhov kev sau ntawv nrawm thiab qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev paub. Tseeb, Shcherbatov pib kawm keeb kwm twb thaum nws pib ua hauj lwm ntawm kev sau ntawv.
HistoryShcherbatova tsis nyob rau hauv qhov kev thov ntawm nws contemporaries. Catherine II suav hais tias nws tsis muaj txuj ci.
Nikolai Karamzin
Ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias, Karamzin tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Tus kws sau ntawv nyiam hauv kev tshawb fawb tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1790. Alexander kuv tsa nws ua ib tug historiographer.
Karamzin thoob plaws nws lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim "Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab State". Phau ntawv no qhia zaj dab neeg rau ntau tus neeg nyeem. Txij li thaum Karamzin yog tus kws sau ntawv ntau dua li tus kws sau keeb kwm, hauv nws txoj haujlwm nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov lus.
Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm Karamzin "History" yog kev cia siab rau kev tswj hwm tus kheej. Tus kws sau keeb kwm xaus lus tias tsuas yog nrog lub hwj chim muaj zog ntawm huab tais, lub teb chaws vam meej, thiab nrog nws qaug zog, nws poob rau hauv kev lwj.
Konstantin Aksakov
Ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm zoo ntawm Russia thiab nto moo Slavophiles, Konstantin Aksakov, yug hauv 1817, coj nws qhov chaw hwm. Nws tej hauj lwm txhawb nqa lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev sib txawv ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm ntawm Russia thiab sab hnub poob.
Nws yog tus sau phau ntawv qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Lomonosov tus cwj pwm hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Nws kawm txog lub neej ntawm Slavs thaum ub.
Aksakov tau zoo txog kev rov qab mus rau cov hauv paus hauv tebchaws Lavxias. Tag nrho nws cov kev ua ub no hu ua precisely qhov no - rov qab mus rau hauv paus. Aksakov nws tus kheej loj hlob hwj txwv thiab hnav ib kosovorotka thiab murmolka. Criticized Western zam.
Aksakov tsis tau tso tseg ib txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb, tab sis nws cov ntawv ntau dhau los uatseem ceeb pab rau Russia keeb kwm. Kuj tseem hu ua tus sau ntawm kev ua haujlwm philoological. Nws tshaj tawm txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus. Nws ntseeg hais tias tus kav yuav tsum mloog cov lus ntawm cov neeg, tab sis tsis tas yuav tsum lees txais. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam hauv tsoomfwv txoj haujlwm, tab sis yuav tsum tsom mus rau lawv cov kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig.
Nikolay Kostomarov Y
Lwm tus neeg sau keeb kwm Lavxias uas ua haujlwm nyob rau xyoo pua 19th. Nws yog ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Taras Shevchenko, muaj kev paub nrog Nikolai Chernyshevsky. Nws ua hauj lwm ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm Kiev University. Luam tawm "Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm nyob rau hauv biography ntawm nws cov thawj coj" nyob rau hauv ob peb ntim.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Kostomarov txoj haujlwm hauv Lavxias keeb kwm yog qhov loj heev. Nws txhawb lub tswv yim ntawm pej xeem keeb kwm. Kostomarov kawm txog kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, lub tswv yim no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tom qab.
Lub voj voog ntawm cov pej xeem cov duab tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm Kostomarov, uas romanticized lub tswv yim ntawm haiv neeg. Raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom, txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog raug ntes thiab rau txim.
Sergey Solovyov
Ib tug nto moo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. xibfwb, thiab tom qab ntawd rector ntawm Moscow University. Rau 30 xyoo nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm "Keeb kwm ntawm Russia". Qhov kev ua tau zoo no tau dhau los ua kev txaus siab ntawm tsis yog tus kws tshawb fawb nws tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj yog keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Russia.
Txhua cov khoom siv tau kawm los ntawm Solovyov nrog kev ua tiav txaus tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb. Hauv nws txoj haujlwm, nws tau rub tus nyeem ntawv lub siab rau sab hauvsau cov keeb kwm vector. Lub originality ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, raws li kws tshawb fawb, yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ncua sij hawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob - piv nrog rau sab hnub poob.
Soloviev nws tus kheej tau lees paub rau nws txoj kev mob siab rau Slavophilism, uas txias me ntsis thaum nws kawm txog keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm lub tebchaws. Tus kws sau keeb kwm tau tawm tswv yim txog qhov tsim nyog tshem tawm ntawm serfdom thiab kev hloov kho ntawm bourgeois system.
Hauv nws txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb, Solovyov txhawb nqa kev hloov pauv ntawm Peter I, yog li txav deb ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Slavophiles. Tau ntau xyoo, Solovyov txoj kev xav tau hloov ntawm kev ywj pheej mus rau kev saib xyuas. Thaum kawg hauv nws lub neej, tus kws sau keeb kwm tau txhawb nqa kev ua vajntxwv kav.
YVasily Klyuchevsky
Txuas ntxiv cov npe ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm ntawm Russia, nws yuav tsum hais txog Vasily Klyuchevsky (1841-1911) Nws ua haujlwm ua tus xibfwb ntawm Moscow University. suav tias yog ib tug kws qhia txuj ci. Ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm tuaj koom nws cov lus qhuab qhia.
Klyuchevsky tau txaus siab rau lub hauv paus ntawm pej xeem lub neej, kawm lus dab neeg, sau cov lus pov thawj thiab cov lus hais. Tus kws sau keeb kwm yog tus sau cov lus qhuab qhia uas tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb.
Klyuchevsky kawm txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov tswv av, tau mob siab rau qhov kev xav no. Klyuchevsky cov tswv yim tau nrog kev thuam, txawm li cas los xij, tus kws sau keeb kwm tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ncauj lus no. Nws hais tias nws qhia nws lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntau qhov teeb meem.
Ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm "Kurs" Klyuchevsky tau muab ntau qhov kev piav qhia zoo ntawm cov duab keeb kwm thiab lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm Lavxias.
SergeiPlatonov
Hais txog cov keeb kwm zoo ntawm Russia, nws tsim nyog nco qab Sergei Platonov (1860-1933) Nws yog ib tus kws tshaj lij, kws qhia hauv tsev kawm qib siab.
Platonov tsim Sergei Solovyov cov tswv yim hais txog kev tawm tsam pawg neeg thiab lub xeev cov hauv paus ntsiab lus hauv kev txhim kho Russia. Nws pom qhov ua rau muaj kev txom nyem niaj hnub no hauv kev los rau lub hwj chim ntawm nobility.
Sergei Platonov tau muaj npe nrov ua tsaug rau nws cov lus qhuab qhia tshaj tawm thiab phau ntawv keeb kwm. Nws soj ntsuam lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig los ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov pom.
Rau zais cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm Stalin, Platonov raug ntes nrog cov phooj ywg uas muaj kev tawm tsam Marxist.
Peb lub sijhawm
Yog tias peb tham txog cov keeb kwm niaj hnub ntawm Russia, peb tuaj yeem sau npe cov duab hauv qab no:
- Artemy Artsikhovsky yog tus xibfwb ntawm Kws qhia ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Moscow State University, tus sau cov haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm Lavxias qub, tus tsim ntawm Novgorod ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm archaeologists.
- Stepan Veselovsky - ib tug tub kawm ntawm Klyuchevsky, rov qab los ntawm exile nyob rau hauv 1933, ua hauj lwm ua ib tug xib fwb thiab xib fwb ntawm Moscow State University, kawm anthroponymy.
- Viktor Danilov - koom nrog hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, kawm keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg ua liaj ua teb, tau txais txiaj ntsig Solovyov Gold Medal rau nws txoj kev koom tes zoo rau kev kawm keeb kwm.
- Nikolai Druzhinin - tus kws sau keeb kwm Soviet zoo tshaj plaws, kawm txog Decembrist txav, lub zos tom qab hloov kho, keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb.
- Boris Rybakov - historian thiab archaeologist ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, kawm cov kab lis kev cai thiab lub neej ntawm cov Slavs, tau koom nyob rau hauv excavations.
- RuslanSkrynnikov, tus xibfwb ntawm St. Petersburg University, tus kws tshaj lij hauv keeb kwm ntawm 16th-17th centuries, kawm txog oprichnina thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm Ivan the Terrible.
- Mikhail Tikhomirov yog ib tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Moscow University, kawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia, tshawb txog ntau yam kev sib raug zoo thiab nyiaj txiag.
- Lev Cherepnin - Soviet historian, kws tshawb fawb ntawm Moscow University, kawm txog Lavxias teb sab Middle Age, tsim nws tus kheej lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab ua ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm.
- Serafim Yushkov - xibfwb ntawm Moscow State University thiab Leningrad State University, keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev thiab txoj cai lij choj, koom nrog kev sib tham ntawm Kievan Rus, kawm txog nws txoj haujlwm.
Yog li, peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias nto moo tshaj plaws uas tau mob siab rau ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv lub neej rau kev tshawb fawb.
