Cov Lavxias niaj hnub yog raws li lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic, uas, dhau los, tau siv yav dhau los rau kev sau ntawv thiab hais lus. Ntau cov ntawv thiab cov duab kos tau muaj sia nyob txog niaj hnub no.
kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient Russia: sau
Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias txog rau xyoo pua cuaj tsis muaj lus sau tseg. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm Kievan Rus, kev sau ntawv zoo li tsis muaj.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev xav no yog qhov yuam kev, vim tias yog koj saib keeb kwm ntawm lwm lub tebchaws thiab xeev, koj tuaj yeem pom tias txhua lub xeev muaj zog muaj nws tus kheej tsab ntawv. Txij li thaum Ancient Russia kuj suav nrog ntau lub tebchaws muaj zog, kev sau ntawv kuj tseem tsim nyog rau Russia.
Lwm pab pawg kws tshawb fawb-cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias muaj cov lus sau, thiab qhov kev txiav txim siab no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab qhov tseeb: Brave sau cov lus dab neeg "Hais Txog Kev Sau". Tsis tas li ntawd, "nyob rau hauv Lub Neej ntawm Methodius thiab Constantine" nws tau hais tias Eastern Slavs tau sau lus. Ibn Fadlan cov ntawv sau kuj raug muab pov thawj.
Yog li thaum twg sau ntawv tshwm nyob rau hauv Russia? Teb rauqhov teeb meem no tseem muaj teeb meem. Tab sis qhov kev sib cav tseem ceeb rau tib neeg, lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv Russia, yog cov lus pom zoo ntawm Russia thiab Byzantium, uas tau sau rau hauv 911 thiab 945.
Cyril thiab Methodius: kev pabcuam loj rau kev sau ntawv Slavic
Kev pab ntawm cov neeg Slavic enlighteners yog qhov muaj nqis. Nws yog thaum pib ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm uas cov lus Slavic muaj nws cov tsiaj ntawv, uas yooj yim dua hauv nws cov lus thiab sau ntau dua li cov lus dhau los.
Nws paub tias cov kws qhia ntawv thiab lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis tau tshaj tawm ntawm East Slavic haiv neeg, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias tej zaum Methodius thiab Cyril tau teeb tsa lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj. Kev lees txais ntawm ib qho kev xav tsis yog tsuas yog nthuav dav ntau yam ntawm ib tus neeg nyiam, tab sis kuj tseem yuav ua kom yooj yim rau kev qhia cov lus yooj yim rau hauv East Slavic kab lis kev cai.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum, cov phau ntawv thiab lub neej ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse loj tuaj rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia, qhov chaw uas lawv pib muaj kev vam meej. Nws yog rau lub sijhawm no uas cov kws tshawb fawb ntaus nqi qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia, cov tsiaj ntawv Slavic.
Rus txij li lub ntsej muag ntawm nws cov tsiaj ntawv
Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov lus tseeb no, qee cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom sim ua pov thawj tias cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm Enlighteners tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Kievan Rus, uas yog, txawm tias ua ntej kev cai raus dej, thaum Rus yog thaj av pagan. Txawm hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tau sau hauv Cyrillic, muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau hauv Glagolitic. Cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias,Tej zaum, cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia precisely nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub cuaj-thib pua centuries - ua ntej cov ntseeg Vajtswv los ntawm Russia.
Tsis ntev los no qhov kev xav no tau ua pov thawj. Cov kws tshawb fawb-cov kws tshawb fawb pom ib daim ntawv uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug pov thawj Upir. Nyob rau hauv lem, Upir sau hais tias nyob rau hauv 1044 cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic tau siv nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis cov neeg Slavic perceive nws ua hauj lwm ntawm enlightener Cyril thiab pib hu nws "Cyrillic".
Nws yog ib qho nyuaj hais tias qhov txawv ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient Russia nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li feem ntau ntseeg, tau pib meej los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov phau ntawv ntawm Kev Ntseeg, txawm hais tias qhov tseeb qhia tau hais tias kev sau ntawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov neeg tsis ntseeg Vajtswv.
Kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev sau ntawv Slavic: kev cai raus dej ntawm thaj av pagan
Kev nrawm nrawm ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm East Slavic haiv neeg pib tom qab kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia, thaum sau ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv 988, thaum tub huabtais Vladimir hloov dua siab tshiab rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Russia, cov me nyuam, uas yog suav hais tias yog cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo, pib qhia los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv cov phau ntawv. Nws yog nyob rau tib lub sij hawm uas lub tsev teev ntuj cov phau ntawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, inscriptions ntawm lub tog raj kheej locks, thiab kuj tau sau cov lus hais tias blacksmiths knocked tawm los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm ntaj. Cov ntawv tshwm nyob rau ntawm princely seals.
Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias muaj cov lus dab neeg hais txog cov nyiaj npib nrog cov ntawv sau uas tau siv los ntawm cov huab tais Vladimir,Svyatopolk thiab Yaroslav.
Thiab xyoo 1030, cov ntaub ntawv birch-bark tau siv dav.
Cov ntaub ntawv sau thawj zaug: birch bark ntawv thiab phau ntawv
Thawj cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm birch bark. Ib tsab ntawv no yog sau tseg rau ntawm ib daim me me ntawm birch bark.
Lawv qhov tshwj xeeb nyob ntawm qhov tseeb tias hnub no lawv tau khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus. Rau cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov kev tshawb pom no tseem ceeb heev: ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias ua tsaug rau cov ntawv no ib tus tuaj yeem kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus Slavic, kev sau ntawv ntawm birch bark tuaj yeem qhia txog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm xyoo kaum ib-thib tsib caug xyoo. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev kawm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Russia.
Dhau li ntawm cov kab lis kev cai Slavic, cov ntawv birch bark kuj tau siv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lwm lub tebchaws.
Tam sim no, muaj ntau ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm birch bark nyob rau hauv archives, cov neeg sau ntawv uas yog Qub Ntseeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog rau qhov advent ntawm birch bark, tib neeg qhia yuav ua li cas rau exfoliate birch bark. Qhov kev tshawb pom no yog lub zog rau kev sau phau ntawv ntawm birch bark. Kev sau ntawv Slavic hauv tebchaws Russia pib txhim kho ntau thiab ntau dua.
Nrhiav rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab keeb kwm
Thawj cov ntawv sau ua rau ntawm daim ntawv birch bark, uas tau pom nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Veliky Novgorod. Txhua tus uas tau kawm keeb kwm paub tias lub nroog no tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm Russia.
Ib theem tshiab hauv kev txhim kho kev sau ntawv: txhais ua qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb
Sab Qab Teb Slavs muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev sau ntawv hauv Russia.
Thaum Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir hauv Russia pib txhais cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm South Slavic lus. Thiab nyob rau hauv Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yaroslav tus Txawj Ntse, cov lus sau tau pib txhim kho, ua tsaug rau cov ntawv nyeem xws li cov ntaub ntawv hauv pawg ntseeg tau tshwm sim.
Lub peev xwm los txhais cov ntawv los ntawm cov lus txawv teb chaws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov lus qub Lavxias. Thawj qhov kev txhais lus (ntawm cov phau ntawv) uas tuaj ntawm Western European sab yog txhais los ntawm Greek. Nws yog cov lus Greek uas tau hloov pauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lavxias. Ntau lo lus qiv tau siv ntau dua hauv kev sau ntawv, txawm nyob hauv tib lub tsev teev ntuj sau.
Nws yog nyob rau theem no uas kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia pib hloov pauv, kev sau ntawv tau dhau los ua nyuaj.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm Peter the Great: ntawm txoj kev mus rau cov lus yooj yim
Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Peter I, uas tau hloov kho tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tau ua txawm tias cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov lus. Cov tsos ntawm kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm tam sim ntawd nyuaj rau cov twb complex Slavic lus. Xyoo 1708, Peter the Great tau qhia txog qhov hu ua "civil type". Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1710, Peter lub Great tus kheej tau kho txhua tsab ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, tom qab uas ib tug tshiab cov tsiaj ntawv raug tsim. Cov tsiaj ntawv tau txawv los ntawm nws txoj kev yooj yim thiab yooj yim ntawm kev siv. Tus thawj tswj hwm Lavxias xav kom yooj yim cov lus Lavxias. Ntau tsab ntawv tsuas yog cais tawm ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua tsis yog hais lus xwb, tab sis kuj sau.
Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv lub xyoo pua 18th: qhia txog cov cim tshiab
Qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv lub sijhawm no yog kev qhia txog tsab ntawv xws li "thiab luv". Tsab ntawv no tau tshaj tawm xyoo 1735. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1797 Karamzin siv lub cim tshiab los qhia lub suab "yo".
Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tsab ntawv "yat" poob nws lub ntsiab lus, vim hais tias nws lub suab coincided nrog lub suab "e". Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas tsab ntawv "yat" tsis tau siv lawm. Tsis ntev nws kuj tso tseg los ua ib feem ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Lavxias.
theem kawg ntawm kev txhim kho cov lus Lavxias: hloov me me
Kev hloov kho zaum kawg uas hloov kev sau ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia yog kev hloov kho xyoo 1917, uas kav mus txog xyoo 1918. Nws txhais tau tias tsis suav tag nrho cov ntawv, lub suab uas zoo sib xws lossis rov ua dua. Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov kev hloov kho uas niaj hnub no lub zog kos npe (b) tau faib, thiab lub cim muag muag (b) tau dhau los ua kev sib cais thaum denoting lub suab lus mos.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kev hloov kho no ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus siab loj rau ntawm ntau tus neeg sau ntawv tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, Ivan Bunin tau thuam qhov kev hloov pauv no hauv nws hom lus.
