Egyptian hieroglyphs (cov duab nrog cov cim tau muab tso rau hauv kab lus hauv qab no) ua ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem sau ntawv siv yuav luag 3.5 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Qhov no system ua ke cov ntsiab lus ntawm phonetic, syllabic thiab ideographic styles. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs yog pictorial dluab ntxiv nrog phonetic cim. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau carved rau ntawm pob zeb. Txawm li cas los xij, Egyptian hieroglyphs kuj tuaj yeem pom ntawm papyri thiab ntawm ntoo sarcophagi. Cov duab uas tau siv rau hauv cov ntawv sau zoo ib yam li cov khoom uas lawv tau hais tseg. Qhov no ua rau kev nkag siab zoo ntawm qhov tau sau. Ntxiv rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav tham txog qhov no lossis qhov hieroglyph txhais li cas.
Yim paub tsis meej ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov cim
Keeb kwm ntawm qhov system nkag mus tob rau yav dhau los. Rau lub sijhawm ntev heev, ib qho ntawm cov ntawv sau qub tshaj plaws ntawm Egypt yog Narmer palette. Nws tau ntseeg tias cov cim ntxov tshaj plaws tau piav qhia ntawm nws. Txawm li cas los xij, German archaeologists hauv 1998 pom thaum lub sijhawmexcavations ntawm peb puas av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj. Lawv tau piav qhia nrog proto-hieroglyphs. Cov cim qhia hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 33 BC. e. Thawj kab lus ntseeg tau muab sau rau ntawm Thib Ob Dynasty foob los ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm Abydos ntawm Pharaoh Set-Peribsen. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias thaum xub thawj cov duab ntawm cov khoom thiab cov tsiaj muaj sia tau siv los ua cov cim. Tab sis qhov system no nyuaj heev, vim nws xav tau qee yam kev txawj ntse. Hauv qhov no, tom qab qee lub sijhawm, cov duab tau yooj yim mus rau qhov xav tau contours. Yog li, kev sau hiertic tshwm sim. Cov txheej txheem no yog siv los ntawm cov pov thawj. Lawv ua ntawv sau rau ntawm qhov ntxa thiab cov tuam tsev. Lub demotic (neeg) system, uas tshwm sim me ntsis tom qab, tau yooj yim dua. Nws muaj cov voj voog, arcs, dashes. Txawm li cas los xij, lees paub cov cim thawj hauv tsab ntawv no yog teeb meem.
Txhim kho tus cwj pwm
Egyptian hieroglyphs yog thawj daim duab. Ntawd yog, cov lus zoo li cov duab kos duab. Tom ntej no, ib tsab ntawv semantic (ideographic) tau tsim. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ideograms nws muaj peev xwm sau cia nyias cov ntsiab lus abstract. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov duab ntawm cov roob tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog ib feem ntawm kev nyem thiab ib lub roob, txawv teb chaws. Daim duab ntawm lub hnub txhais tau tias "hnub", vim nws ci tsuas yog thaum nruab hnub. Tom qab ntawd, ideograms tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm Egyptian kev sau ntawv. Ib me ntsis tom qab, lub suab cim pib tshwm. Nyob rau hauv no system, ntau xim tsis tau them ntau npaum li cas rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus,npaum li cas ntawm nws lub suab txhais. Muaj pes tsawg hieroglyphs nyob rau hauv Egyptian sau? Thaum Lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab, Nruab Nrab thiab Qub, muaj kwv yees li 800 lub cim, raws li txoj cai Greco-Roman, muaj ntau dua 6000.
Kev faib tawm
Qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov systematization tseem tsis tau daws rau hnub no. Wallis Budge (Lus Askiv philologist thiab Egyptologist) yog ib tus thawj kws tshawb fawb rau catalog Egyptian hieroglyphs. Nws qhov kev faib tawm yog ua raws li cov cim qhia sab nraud. Tom qab nws, xyoo 1927, ib daim ntawv teev npe tshiab tau sau los ntawm Gardiner. Nws "Egyptian Grammar" muaj kev faib tawm ntawm cov paib kuj raws li cov yam ntxwv sab nraud. Tab sis hauv nws daim ntawv teev npe, cov cim tau muab faib ua pawg, uas tau qhia los ntawm cov ntawv Latin. Nyob rau hauv cov qeb, cov paib tau muab serial tooj. Sij hawm dhau mus, kev faib ua ke los ntawm Gardiner tuaj yeem suav hais tias feem ntau lees txais. Cov ntaub ntawv tau muab ntxiv los ntawm kev ntxiv cov cim tshiab rau cov pab pawg tau hais los ntawm nws. Ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tom qab tau muab cov ntawv tseem ceeb ntxiv tom qab tus lej.
New Codification
Ib txhij nrog kev nthuav dav ntawm daim ntawv teev npe raws li Gardiner qhov kev faib tawm, qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib xav txog qhov tsis raug ntawm kev faib cov hieroglyphs rau hauv pawg. Nyob rau hauv lub 80s, ib tug plaub-ntim catalog ntawm cov paib tau luam tawm, muab faib los ntawm lawv lub ntsiab lus. Qhov no classifier tom qab ib pliag kuj pib rov xav dua. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 2007-2008, ib tug sau ntawv sau los ntawm Kurt tau tshwm sim. Nws tau kho Gardiner plaub lub ntim thiabqhia txog kev faib tshiab rau hauv pab pawg. Txoj hauj lwm no yog undoubtedly heev cov ntaub ntawv thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev xyaum txhais lus. Tab sis qee cov kws tshawb fawb muaj kev tsis ntseeg txog seb qhov kev hloov kho tshiab yuav pib hauv Egyptology, vim nws kuj muaj nws qhov tsis txaus thiab qhov tsis zoo.
Ntawm txoj hauv kev rau tus cwj pwm coding
Iyiv cov hieroglyphs txhais li cas niaj hnub no? Xyoo 1991, thaum cov thev naus laus zis hauv computer twb tau tsim txaus lawm, tus qauv Unicode tau npaj siab rau encoding cim ntawm ntau hom lus. Qhov tseeb version muaj cov txheej txheem Egyptian hieroglyphs. Cov cim no nyob hauv ntau yam: U + 13000 - U + 1342F. Ntau yam tshiab catalogs nyob rau hauv daim ntawv hluav taws xob tseem tshwm sim niaj hnub no. Deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs rau hauv Lavxias yog siv los ntawm Hieroglyphica duab editor. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov npe tshiab txuas ntxiv tshwm sim rau hnub no. Vim muaj cov cim qhia ntau heev, lawv tseem tsis tuaj yeem raug cais tag nrho. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb nrhiav pom cov neeg Iyiv hieroglyphs tshiab thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus, lossis cov qauv xov tooj tshiab ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm.
Kev taw qhia ntawm daim duab kos npe
Cov neeg Iyiv feem ntau sau ua kab kab rov tav, feem ntau ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug. Nws tsis tshua pom kev taw qhia ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Qee zaum, cov paib tau teeb tsa vertically. Hauv qhov no, lawv yeej ib txwm nyeem los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txoj cai mus rau sab laug hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm cov neeg Iyiv, los ntawmRau cov laj thawj, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tau txais cov qauv ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Cov cim qhia uas piav txog cov noog, tsiaj txhu, tib neeg ib txwm tig mus rau qhov pib ntawm txoj kab nrog lawv lub ntsej muag. Sab saud kos npe ua ntej tshaj qhov qis. Cov neeg Iyiv tsis tau siv kab lus lossis lo lus cais, txhais tau tias tsis muaj cov cim. Thaum sau ntawv, lawv sim faib cov cim calligraphic yam tsis muaj qhov chaw thiab sib luag, tsim cov duab plaub lossis squares.
Inscription system
Egyptian hieroglyphs tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg loj. Thawj suav nrog phonograms (suab cim), thiab qhov thib ob - ideograms (semantic kos npe). Cov tom kawg tau siv los qhia ib lo lus lossis lub tswv yim. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua 2 hom: determinatives thiab logograms. Phonograms tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov suab. Pawg no suav nrog peb hom cim: peb tus lej, ob tus lej thiab ib tus lej. Nws yog noteworthy tias ntawm cov hieroglyphs tsis muaj ib daim duab ntawm ib lub suab vowel. Yog li ntawd, tsab ntawv no yog ib tug consonantal system, zoo li Arabic los yog Hebrew. Cov neeg Iyiv tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv nrog txhua tus vowels, txawm tias lawv tsis tau sau. Txhua tus neeg paub meej tias lub suab twg yuav tsum tau muab tso rau thaum hais ib lo lus. Tab sis qhov tsis muaj cov cim npe yog qhov teeb meem loj rau Egyptologists. Rau ib lub sij hawm ntev heev (yuav luag ob txhiab xyoo dhau los), cov lus raug suav hais tias tuag. Thiab niaj hnub no tsis muaj leej twg paub raws nraim li cas cov lus suab. Ua tsaug raukev tshawb fawb philological tau ua tiav, tau kawg, hauv kev tsim cov suab paj nruag kwv yees ntawm ntau lo lus, nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm Egyptian hieroglyphs hauv Lavxias, Latin, thiab lwm yam lus. Tab sis kev ua haujlwm zoo li no niaj hnub no yog kev tshawb fawb cais tawm.
Soundtracks
Ib tus cim ua tus tsiaj ntawv Egyptian. Hieroglyphs nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tau siv los xaiv 1 lub suab. Lub npe tseeb ntawm tag nrho cov cim monosonant tsis paub. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lawv cov hauv qab no yog tsim los ntawm Egyptologists. Kev txhais lus yog ua los ntawm cov ntawv Latin. Yog tias tsis muaj cov tsiaj ntawv zoo sib xws hauv cov tsiaj ntawv Latin lossis ob peb xav tau, ces siv cov cim npe rau kev xaiv. Biconsonants yog tsim los sawv cev rau ob tug consonants. Hom hieroglyphs no muaj ntau heev. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog polyphonic (xws li ob peb ua ke). Triconsonant cov cim qhia, feem, peb tus lej. Lawv kuj muaj ntau heev hauv kev sau ntawv. Raws li txoj cai, ob hom kawg yog siv nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm ib tus cim, uas ib nrab lossis tag nrho cuam tshuam lawv lub suab.
Ideogrammatic Egyptian hieroglyphs thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus
Logograms yog cov cim uas sawv cev lawv txhais li cas. Piv txwv li, daim duab ntawm lub hnub yog hnub thiab lub teeb, thiab lub hnub nws tus kheej, thiab lub sijhawm.
Rau qhov kev nkag siab zoo dua, lub logogram tau ntxiv nrog lub suab kos npe. Determinatives yog ideograms uas yog npaj los xaiv grammaticalpawg. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov lus. Qhov kev txiav txim siab tau pab kom meej meej lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tau sau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tau hais ib lo lus lossis suab. Determinatives tuaj yeem muaj ob qho tib si piv txwv thiab lub ntsiab lus ncaj qha. Piv txwv li, Egyptian hieroglyph "qhov muag" tsis yog tsuas yog lub cev ntawm lub zeem muag xwb, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm pom, saib. Thiab ib lub cim qhia txog daim ntawv papyrus tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog xaiv ib phau ntawv lossis cov ntawv nws tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj muaj lwm lub tswv yim paub daws teeb meem.
Siv cov paib
Kho kom zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj ntawm hieroglyphs txiav txim siab lawv siv. Tshwj xeeb, cov paib tau siv, raws li txoj cai, rau kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv dawb ceev thiab cov ntawv zoo. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, ib qho yooj yim hieratic system tau siv los tsim cov ntaub ntawv lag luam thiab kev tswj hwm, kev sau ntawv. Tab sis nws, txawm hais tias siv ntau zaus, tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov hieroglyphs. Lawv txuas ntxiv siv thaum lub sijhawm Persian thiab Greco-Roman txoj cai. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tau hais tias los ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th muaj tsawg tus neeg uas siv tau thiab nkag siab txog qhov system no.
kev tshawb fawb
Cov neeg sau ntawv Ancient yog cov thawj coj uas xav paub txog hieroglyphs: Diodorus, Strabo, Herodotus. Horapollon muaj ib txoj cai tshwj xeeb hauv kev kawm txog cov cim qhia. Tag nrho cov neeg sau ntawv no tau hais meej tias txhua tus hieroglyphs yog daim duab sau. Nyob rau hauv no system, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, ib tug neeg kos npe rau denoted tag nrho cov lus, tab sis tsis cov tsiaj ntawv los yog syllables. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th kuj tau nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no ntev heev.ib puas xyoo. Yog tias tsis tau sim tshawb fawb txog qhov kev xav no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab hieroglyphs, txiav txim siab txhua tus ntawm lawv yog ib qho ntawm cov duab kos duab. Thawj tus qhia txog lub neej ntawm cov paib hauv xov tooj yog Thomas Jung. Tiamsis nws nrhiav tsis tau tus yuam sij rau lawv txoj kev nkag siab. Jean-Francois Champollion tau ua tiav hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm Egyptian hieroglyphs. Qhov zoo ntawm keeb kwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no yog tias nws tau tso tseg thesis ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thaum ub thiab xaiv nws txoj hauv kev. Raws li lub hauv paus rau nws txoj kev kawm, nws coj qhov kev xav tias Egyptian cov ntawv sau tsis suav nrog lub tswv yim, tab sis cov ntsiab lus hauv xov tooj.
Rosetta Pob zeb tshawb fawb
Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav archaeological no yog dub polished bas alt slab. Nws tau them tag nrho nrog cov ntawv sau uas tau ua ob yam lus. Muaj peb kab ntawm lub slab. Thawj ob yog ua nrog ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Sab thib peb tau sau ua lus Greek, thiab ua tsaug rau nws lub xub ntiag uas tau nyeem cov ntawv ntawm lub pob zeb. Nws yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov pov thawj, xa mus rau Ptolemy thib tsib Epiphanes nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm nws coronation. Hauv cov ntawv Greek, cov npe ntawm Cleopatra thiab Ptolemy tau nyob rau ntawm pob zeb. Lawv yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv Egyptian thiab. Nws tau paub tias cov npe ntawm cov vaj ntxwv nyob hauv cartouches lossis oval thav duab. Tias yog vim li cas Champillon tsis muaj teeb meem nrhiav cov npe nyob rau hauv cov ntawv Egyptian - lawv pom tseeb tawm ntawm tus so ntawm cov cim. Tom qab ntawd, sib piv cov kab ntawv nrog cov ntawv, tus kws tshawb fawb tau dhau los ua kev ntseeg siab ntawm qhov siv tau ntawm txoj kev xav ntawmphonetically raws cov cim.
Qee daim duab kos
Kev txiav txim siab zoo nkauj yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv. Ntawm lawv lub hauv paus, qee cov kev cai tau tsim uas txwv qhov kev xaiv, kev coj ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Cov cim tuaj yeem sau los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug lossis rov ua dua, nyob ntawm seb lawv tau siv. Qee cov cim tau sau ua ib txoj hauv kev kom tau ntsib tus nyeem ntawv. Txoj cai no tau txuas mus rau ntau lub hieroglyphs, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev txwv no tau pom tseeb tshaj plaws thaum kos cov cim qhia txog tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Yog tias cov ntawv sau nyob rau ntawm lub portal, ces nws cov cim qhia tau tig mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub qhov rooj. Tus neeg nkag mus tau yooj yim nyeem cov cim, txij li cov ntawv pib nrog hieroglyphs nyob ntawm qhov deb ze rau nws. Yog li ntawd, tsis yog ib qho kos npe "pom tsis paub" thiab tsis tig rov qab rau leej twg. Tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, qhov tseeb, tuaj yeem pom hauv kev sib tham ntawm ob tus neeg.
Cov Lus Qhia
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias, txawm hais tias qhov yooj yim sab nraud ntawm Egyptian sau cov ntsiab lus, lawv cov cim kos npe tau suav tias yog qhov nyuaj heev. Sij hawm dhau mus, cov cim pib ploj mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau, thiab tsis ntev lawv tau hloov los ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm cov duab qhia kev hais lus. Cov neeg Loos thiab Greeks pom me ntsis kev txaus siab rau Egyptian hieroglyphs. Nrog rau kev saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov cim tau poob rau hauv kev tsis siv. Los ntawm 391, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Byzantine huab tais Theodosius lub Great, tag nrho cov tuam tsev pagan raug kaw. Cov ntaub ntawv hieroglyphic kawg hnub rov qab mus rau 394 (hais txog qhov nopov thawj los ntawm archaeological pom ntawm txog. Philae).
