Qhov txawv ntawm kev hloov pauv kev hloov pauv (tom qab no hu ua T. R.) thiab kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis tsis tau txhais meej meej. Kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog qhov kev taw qhia ntawm ib qho tshiab thev naus laus zis, thaum lub sijhawm hloov kho thev naus laus zis yog lub sijhawm uas yuav luag txhua qhov kev tsim kho tshiab tau txais yuav luag ib txhij.
kab hauv qab yog
Technical kiv puag ncig nce kev tsim khoom thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim cov ntaub ntawv los yog lub tswv yim hloov pauv los ntawm kev qhia txog cov cuab yeej lossis cov txheej txheem. Qee qhov piv txwv ntawm nws qhov muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam yog kev tswj hwm kev lag luam, kev kawm, kev sib raug zoo, kev siv nyiaj txiag thiab kev tshawb fawb. Nws tsis yog txwv rau kev ua haujlwm nkaus xwb. Lub kiv puag ncig thev naus laus zis rov sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib neeg lub neej thiab tuaj yeem hloov pauv kab lis kev cai. Nws tuaj yeem ua qhov ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntau yam thiab tsis paub txog.
Lub ntsiab nta
Txhua yam uas paub qhov txawv ntawm kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis los ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov tshuab thev naus laus zis thiab ua kom pom tseeb nws lub tswv yim raws li kev hloov pauv (thiab tsis yog kev hloov pauv xwb) tuaj yeem sau tau yooj yim hauv ob lub ntsiab lus:
- Kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev vam meej ntawm kev koom tes hauv cov thev naus laus zis thiab kev lag luam.
- Lub peev xwm los hloov pauv kev lag luam ntau ntxiv (thiab kawg hauv zej zog).
Txhais tau
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv kev coj noj coj ua tsis yog qhov zoo. Piv txwv li, qee qhov kev tsim kho tshiab, xws li kev siv cov thee los ua lub zog, tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau ib puag ncig thiab tseem ua rau kev poob haujlwm hauv qee qhov kev lag luam. Lub tswv yim sib tham hauv kab lus no yog ua raws li lub tswv yim hais tias kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis tsis yog kab, tab sis yog qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim.
Views
Technical kiv puag ncig tuaj yeem yog:
- Sectoral, cuam tshuam kev hloov pauv hauv ib ntu.
- Universal, suav nrog kev hloov pauv hauv ntau qhov haujlwm. Nws yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug complex ntawm ob peb parallel kev lag luam kiv puag ncig. Piv txwv li, Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Lag Luam Thib Ob thiab kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis ntawm Renaissance.
Lub tswv yim ntawm universal technological revolutions yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm neo-Schumpeterian txoj kev xav ntawm kev lag luam ntev nthwv dej / voj voog.
History
Cov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tshwm sim no yog kev lag luam kiv puag ncig hauv xyoo 19th, kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis (kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis) ntawm xyoo 1950-1960, kev hloov pauv neolithic, kev hloov pauv digital, thiab lwm yam. "kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis" feem ntau raug tsim txom, yog li ntawd, nws tsis yooj yim los txiav txim siab seb cov xwm txheej twg hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau cuam tshuam txog qhov tshwm sim no, muaj txiaj ntsig thoob ntiaj teb rau tib neeg. Ib qho kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis thoob ntiaj teb yuav tsum muaj ntau qhov chaw (hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev lag luam, kev thauj mus los, thiab lwm yam).
Peb tuaj yeem hais txog ntau qhov kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis thoob ntiaj teb uas tau tshwm sim hauv lub sijhawm niaj hnub hauv Western kab lis kev cai:
- Kev hloov pauv nyiaj txiag thiab kev ua liaj ua teb (1600-1740).
- Industrial Revolution (1780-1840).
- Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1920).
- Kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis (1940-1970).
- Xov xwm thiab kev sib txuas lus kiv puag ncig (1975 txog tam sim no).
Kev sim nrhiav lub sijhawm sib piv ntawm kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis hauv lub sijhawm ua ntej kev hloov pauv yog qhov xav tau zoo heev. Tej zaum ib qho ntawm cov kev sim siab tshaj plaws los qhia txog lub sijhawm rau kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis hauv cov teb chaws Europe ua ntej niaj hnub yog los ntawm Daniel Schmichula:
- Indo-European technological kiv puag ncig (1900-1100 BC).
- Celtic thiab Greek thev naus laus zis hloov pauv (700-200 BC).
- German-Slavic thev naus laus zis kiv puag ncig (300-700 AD).
- Medieval technological kiv puag ncig (930-1200 AD).
- Renaissance Technological Revolution (1340-1470 AD).
Tom qab xyoo 2000, muaj ib lub tswv yim nrov hais tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no tseem tsis tau dhau mus, thiab yav tom ntej peb yuav ua tim khawv txog kev yug los ntawm lub ntiaj teb tshiab T. R. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab yuav tsum txhim kho hauv kev lag luam nanotechnology, Lwm cov roj thiab lub zog siv tshuab, biotechnology, genetic engineering, thiab lwm yam.
Qee lub sij hawm lo lus "kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis" yog siv rau Kev Hloov Kho Thib Ob, uas tau pib nyob ib puag ncig xyoo 1900. Thaum lub tswv yim ntawm thev naus laus zis hloov pauv tau siv rau hauv kev nkag siab ntau dua, nws yuav luag zoo ib yam rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Cov kiv puag ncig zoo li no, yog kev ua haujlwm, tej zaum yuav txwv rau kev hloov pauv hauv kev tswj hwm, koom haum, thiab hu ua cov thev naus laus zis tsis muaj tseeb (xws li kev nce qib hauv lej lossis kev suav nyiaj).
Kev faib tawm ntau dua
Tseem muaj ntau qhov dav dav, dav thiab dav dav ntawm T. R.:
- Upper Paleolithic Revolution: Emergence of "high culture", new technologies and regional cultures (50,000-40,000 xyoo dhau los).
- Lub Neolithic Revolution (tej zaum 13,000 xyoo dhau los) uas tsim lub hauv paus rau kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej.
- Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Renaissance: ntau qhov kev tsim kho thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance, kwv yees li ntawm 14th mus rau 16th caug xyoo.
- Kev lag luam kiv puag ncig: lub sijhawm ntawm European kev lag luamexpansion, colonialism thiab mercantilism uas kav ntev li ntawm 16th mus rau thaum ntxov 18th caug xyoo.
- Price Revolution: Cov xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam los ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th mus rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Tus nqi hloov pauv feem ntau yog hais txog tus nqi siab ntawm kev nce nqi uas ua rau lub sijhawm nyob hauv Western Europe.
- Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb: Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov tswv yim tshawb fawb hauv xyoo pua 16th.
- The British Agricultural Revolution (18th caug xyoo), uas tau txhawb nqa kev lag luam hauv nroog thiab yog li ntawd tau pab pib Industrial Revolution.
- Kev Hloov Kho Kev Lag Luam: Kev hloov pauv loj hauv kev thev naus laus zis, kev lag luam kev lag luam thiab kev coj noj coj ua nyob rau xyoo 18th thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua 19th uas tau pib hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb.
- Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam: kev hloov pauv loj ntawm kev siv zog ua haujlwm uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau yav qab teb Tebchaws Meskas (thiab sai sai kis mus rau sab qaum teb) thiab tom qab ntawd kis mus rau thoob ntiaj teb (circa 1800-1900).
- Second Industrial Revolution (1871-1914).
- The "Green Revolution" (1945-1975): Kev siv cov chiv thiab cov qoob loo tshiab ua rau lub ntiaj teb kev ua liaj ua teb ntau ntxiv.
- Digital Revolution: Cov kev hloov pauv loj tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev suav thiab kev sib txuas lus thev naus laus zis txij li xyoo 1950 nrog kev tsim thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv computer.
- Cov Ntaub Ntawv Hloov Kho: Kev hloov pauv loj ntawm kev lag luam, kev sib raug zoo thiab thev naus laus zis coj los ntawm kev hloov pauv digital (tom qab xyoo 1960).
Txuas rau kev nce qib
Technological change (TI), technological development, technological advancement or technological progress is the general process of invention, innovation thiab diffusion of the technologies or processes. Qhov tseem ceeb, kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis suav nrog kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis (xws li cov txheej txheem) thiab lawv cov kev lag luam lossis kev sib txuas los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho (tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab), kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm thev naus laus zis (uas lawv feem ntau pheej yig dua thiab siv tau ntau dua), thiab lawv qhov kev nthuav dav thoob plaws. tag nrho kev lag luam lossis zej zog (qee zaum cuam tshuam nrog kev sib koom ua ke). Nyob rau hauv luv luv, thev naus laus zis hloov pauv raws li ob qho tib si muaj txiaj ntsig thiab ntau dua thev naus laus zis, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb, kev lag luam thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
Kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis
Nyob rau hauv nws lub sijhawm thaum ntxov, kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis tau piav qhia los ntawm "Innovation Linear Model", uas tam sim no feem ntau tsis lees paub los ntawm cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb, tau hloov los ntawm cov qauv kev hloov pauv uas suav nrog kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kev loj hlob, kev tshaj tawm thiab siv. Thaum tham txog "modeling thev naus laus zis hloov pauv", nws feem ntau hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim thiab siv kev tsim kho tshiab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv no feem ntau yog ua qauv raws li qhov nkhaus qhia txog kev txo nqi ntawm lub sijhawm (piv txwv li, roj cell uas pheej yig dua txhua xyoo). TI kuj feem ntau ua qauv siv qhov nkhauskev kawm, piv txwv li: Ct=C0Xt ^ -b
Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lawv tus kheej feem ntau suav nrog lwm cov qauv (xws li kev hloov pauv huab cua) thiab pom tau tias yog ib qho exogenous. Niaj hnub no, TIs feem ntau xav tias yog qhov endogenous yam. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv tau pom tias yog ib yam dab tsi uas koj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam. Niaj hnub no, muaj cov sectors uas txhawb txoj cai ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev cuam tshuam thiab yog li tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov nrawm thiab kev coj ntawm kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis. Piv txwv li, cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm induced technological hloov hypothesis sib cav hais tias cov nom tswv muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov kev taw qhia ntawm technologies kev nce qib los ntawm influencing txheeb ze tus nqi thiab ntau yam - piv txwv li qhov kev thov no yog yuav ua li cas huab cua tiv thaiv txoj cai raws li nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws Western cuam tshuam rau kev siv roj zog, tshwj xeeb yog nws kim dua. Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj pov thawj pom tseeb rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, thiab qhov no yuav yog vim muaj ntau qhov laj thawj dhau ntawm tus qauv sparseness (piv txwv li, txoj cai mus sij hawm ntev tsis paub meej thiab exogenous yam nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm innovation).
Invention
Lub creation ntawm ib yam dab tsi tshiab, lub invention ntawm "tawg" thev naus laus zis - qhov no yog qhov pib txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv. Invention feem ntau hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom thiab yog nyob ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv yog invention ntawm software rauphau ntawv. Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau tsim muaj ib txwm muaj patented. Qhov kev lig kev cai no tau ua tiav thaum lub sijhawm thev naus laus zis hloov pauv ntawm xyoo pua 20th.
Diffusion
Diffusion yog hais txog kev sib kis ntawm thev naus laus zis los ntawm ib lub zej zog lossis ib qho kev lag luam. Diffusion hauv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis feem ntau ua raws li S-khoov, vim tias cov qauv siv thev naus laus zis thaum ntxov tsis ua tiav. Nws yog ua raws li lub sij hawm ntawm kev vam meej innovation nrog siab txais yuav tus nqi thiab thaum kawg ib tug poob rau hauv kev thov rau no tshiab technology raws li nws mus txog nws lub siab tshaj plaws peev xwm nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam. Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis zoo kawg nkaus qhia txog qhov sib txawv no. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm invention ntawm tus kheej lub computer, piv txwv li, ib tug tshiab thev naus laus zis tau dhau mus dhau lub cuab yeej ua haujlwm ib txwm nws yuav tsum tau ua thaum pib, kis mus rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej.
Inventions thiab diffusion yog ob theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis. Tom qab lawv, feem ntau tuaj txog kev lag luam poob qis thiab stagnation, ua ntej tus tshiab T. R.
kev sib raug zoo
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv ib txwm cuam tshuam rau kev sib raug zoo. Kev lees paub lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov thev naus laus zis raws li cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo yog kev pom zoo dav dav ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib txuas lus. Raws li tus qauv no, kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis tau pom los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tuam txhab tsim khoom, cov neeg tsim khoom, cov thawj coj, thiab txhua tus neeg (piv txwv li, tsoomfwv saum toj no tag nrho peb), uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev.kab lis kev cai, cov koom haum nom tswv thiab kev ua lag luam. Kev lag luam thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv ib txwm ua rau muaj kev poob siab loj rau tib neeg.
