Cov khoom qab zib hauv USSR yog ib qho khoom noj tseem ceeb uas cov menyuam yaus hauv Soviet muaj peev xwm them taus. Lawv tau muab rau cov hnub so, lawv raug kho rau hnub yug, hnub so cov niam txiv tau ua rau lawv cov menyuam nrog cov khoom qab zib qab uas tsis yooj yim kom tau. Tau kawg, ntau yam khoom qab zib tsis yog loj npaum li tam sim no, tab sis cov npe nrov tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev vam meej tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no thiab tseem nrov. Wb tham txog ib co ntawm lawv.
Chocolate tshwm nyob rau hauv USSR li cas?
Chocolates tau suav tias yog tus nqi tseem ceeb hauv USSR. Interestingly, thawj chocolate bar nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1899 nyob rau hauv Switzerland, thiab chocolate tau pib mus rau Russia nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Ib tug German los ntawm Wurtenberg tau qhib lub rooj cob qhia ntawm Arbat, uas kuj tsim cov qhob noom xim kasfes.
Nyob rau xyoo 1867, von Einem thiab tus khub tau qhib lub Hoobkas uas yog ib qho ntawm thawj zaug hauv lub tebchaws los pib lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum, uas tau tso cai rau lub tuam txhab los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus loj tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws.
Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, tag nrho cov chaw tsim khoom tau dhau mus rau hauv lub xeev txhais tes, thiab xyoo 1918 tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj hais txog kev ua pej xeem ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus. Yog li ntawd, lub Hoobkas ntawm Abrikosov tau txais lub npe ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm Babaev, lub tuam txhab "Einem" los ua lub npe hu ua "Liab Lub Kaum Hli", thiab lub Hoobkas ntawm Lenov tub lag luam "Rot Front". Tab sis nyob rau hauv tsoomfwv tshiab, teeb meem tshwm sim nrog kev tsim cov qhob noom xim kasfes, taum taum cocoa xav tau rau nws qhov kev tsim khoom, thiab cov teeb meem loj tshwm sim nrog qhov no.
Lub teb chaws hu ua "qab zib" nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev tseem nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm "dawb", thiab kub thiab nyiaj txiag uas cov khoom siv raw tuaj yeem yuav txawv teb chaws mus yuav khoom noj txhua hnub.. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-20s uas cov khoom qab zib tau rov qab los, kev ua lag luam tus ntsuj plig ntawm Nepmen tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv qhov no, tab sis nrog kev pib ntawm kev npaj kev lag luam, kev tsim khoom qab zib hauv USSR tau tswj hwm nruj. Txhua lub Hoobkas tau pauv mus rau ib qho khoom sib cais. Piv txwv li, chocolate tau tsim ntawm Krasny Oktyabr, thiab caramel ntawm Babaev Hoobkas. Cov khoom qab zib dab tsi nyob hauv USSR, koj yuav kawm los ntawm kab lus no.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw ua khoom noj khoom haus tsis tau tso tseg thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj, vim tias nws yog cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb, "kev ceev xwm ceev" teeb tsa yuav tsum suav nrog ib qho khoom qab zib, uas tau cawm ntau tshaj ib tus neeg tsav nkoj lossis tus neeg tsav nkoj los ntawm kev tuag..
Tom qab tsov rog, USSR tau tawm mus muaj ntau yam khoom siv los ntawm German cov tuam txhab khoom qab zib. Ntawm lub Hoobkas muaj npe tom qab Babaev nceKev tsim cov qhob noom xim kasfes qee zaum, yog tias xyoo 1946 lawv tau ua tiav 500 tons ntawm cocoa taum hauv ib xyoos, tom qab ntawd thaum kawg ntawm 60s twb 9,000 tons. Qhov no tau pom zoo los ntawm txoj cai txawv teb chaws ntawm USSR. Lub Soviet Union tau txhawb nqa cov thawj coj ntawm ntau lub zog African, los ntawm qhov chaw uas cov khoom siv raw no tau muab los ntawm ntau qhov ntau.
Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, kev tsim khoom qab zib hauv USSR tau tsim tsis tu ncua thiab tsis muaj kev txaus ntshai, tsawg kawg hauv nroog loj, tsuas yog kev zam ua ntej hnub so. Ua ntej txhua lub Xyoo Tshiab, cov khoom qab zib tau muab faib rau txhua tus menyuam yaus, vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov khoom qab zib ploj ntawm lub txee.
Squirrel
Belochka khoom qab zib tau nrov heev thiab nyiam ntawm cov menyuam yaus Soviet thiab lawv niam lawv txiv. Lawv lub ntsiab txawv feature yog finely crushed hazelnuts, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub filling. Cov khoom qab zib tau yooj yim pom los ntawm daim ntawv lo, nws piav qhia txog tus squirrel nrog cov txiv ntoo hauv nws lub paws, uas tau xa peb mus rau Pushkin txoj haujlwm nto moo "The Tale of Tsar S altan"
Thawj zaug, Belochka khoom qab zib pib tsim tawm thaum ntxov 1940s ntawm Nadezhda Krupskaya khoom qab zib Hoobkas. Nws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog ib feem ntawm Leningrad Production Association ntawm kev lag luam confectionery. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, cov khoom qab zib deservedly los ua ib qho ntawm feem nrov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, ob peb txhiab tons tau tsim txhua xyoo.
Kara-Kum
Nyob hauv USSR, Kara-Kum khoom qab zib yog tsim los ntawm lub Hoobkas khoom qab zib hauv Taganrog. Lawv kov yeejCov hniav qab zib ntim nrog walnut praline filling nrog crushed wafers thiab cocoa.
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, lawv pib tsim tawm ntawm lwm lub lag luam, tshwj xeeb, ntawm Krasny Oktyabr, hauv United Confectioners confectionery pawg.
Cov khoom qab zib tshuav nws lub npe rau cov suab puam ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan niaj hnub, uas nyob rau xyoo ntawd yog ib feem ntawm Soviet Union. Yog li cov neeg tsim khoom qab zib tsis tsuas yog xav txog kev txaus siab ntawm lawv cov neeg siv khoom, tab sis kuj txhawm rau txhim kho lawv cov kev paub ntawm thaj chaw.
Glière's ballet
Cov khoom qab zib muaj npe nyob rau hauv Soviet Union tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm thaj chaw khoom, tab sis kuj … ballets. Yam tsawg kawg nkaus raws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov khoom qab zib liab liab tshuav lawv lub npe rau Gliere's ballet ntawm tib lub npe, uas yog thawj zaug ntawm Bolshoi Theatre hauv xyoo 1926.
Zaj dab neeg ntawm zaj yeeb yaj kiab no zoo kawg. Thaum xub thawj, lawv yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm ib tug tshiab ballet hu ua "Tus ntxhais ntawm lub chaw nres nkoj", tab sis cov kws ua yeeb yam tau txiav txim siab lub libretto tsis heev nthuav thiab dynamic. Tom qab ntawd zaj dab neeg tau rov ua dua, thiab cov suab paj nruag tau rov ua dua, yog li tus neeg ntaus pob "Liab Poppy" tshwm sim, uas tau muab lub npe rau cov khoom qab zib nrov Soviet.
Zaj dab neeg ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshiab tiag tiag ua kom nplua nuj thiab zoo siab. Ntawm no yog lub taub hau insidious ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Hips, thiab cov hluas Suav poj niam Tao Hoa, nyob rau hauv kev hlub nrog tus thawj coj ntawm lub Soviet nkoj, thiab siab tawv sailors. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb tshwm sim ntawm bourgeois thiab Bolsheviks, lawv sim tshuaj lom tus thawj coj ntawm lub nkoj, thiab hauv qhov kawg tus poj niam siab tawv Suav tuag. SawvUa ntej nws tuag, Tao muab rau lwm tus ib lub paj poppy, uas yog ib zaug muab rau nws los ntawm tus thawj coj Soviet. Zaj dab neeg zoo nkauj no tau immortalized nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm confectionery kom cov khoom qab zib tseem nrov.
Qhov kev noj qab haus huv tau txawv los ntawm praline txhaws, uas muaj vanilla tsw, khoom qab zib crumbs thiab hazelnuts ntxiv. Cov khoom qab zib lawv tus kheej tau glazed nrog chocolate.
Montpensier
Tsis yog cov qhob noom xim kasfes tsuas yog muaj nuj nqis hauv USSR. Txhua tus neeg uas nco qab lub txee ntawm cov khw muag khoom hauv Soviet tuaj yeem qhia koj txog cov khoom qab zib hauv Monpasier hlau tuaj yeem. Hauv USSR, cov no yog cov lollipops nrov tshaj plaws.
Lawv tau zoo li cov tshuaj me me thiab muaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo sib txawv. Cov no yog cov lollipops tiag tiag ua los ntawm caramelized qab zib. Lawv muaj ntau qhov tsw thiab xim, qee qhov, piv txwv li, lub hom phiaj yuav tsuas yog txiv kab ntxwv, txiv qaub lossis txiv ntoo qab zib. Tab sis qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog lub platter classic, thaum koj tuaj yeem saj cov khoom qab zib ntawm txhua yam thiab saj ntawm ib lub sijhawm.
Yuav nyob rau sab qaum teb
Cov khoom qab zib no yog tsim los ntawm Krupskaya Hoobkas. Lawv muaj nutty filling uas tuaj nyob rau hauv waffle plhaub.
Cov khoom qab zib tau pib ua haujlwm sai ua ntej pib Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, xyoo 1939. "Yuav nyob rau sab qaum teb" yog heev fond ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm Leningrad hais tias txawm nyob rau hauv lub blockade, txawm tag nrho cov teeb meem thiab teeb meem ntawm wartime, lub Hoobkas.txuas ntxiv tso tawm no delicacy. Piv txwv li, xyoo 1943, 4.4 tons ntawm cov khoom qab zib no tau tsim. Rau ntau tus neeg nyob ze Leningraders, lawv tau dhau los ua ib lub cim ntawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lawv tus ntsuj plig, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas tau pab tuav thiab ciaj sia thaum nws zoo li tias txhua yam tau ploj mus, lub nroog raug puas tsuaj, thiab tag nrho nws cov neeg nyob hauv raug hem nrog kev tshaib kev nqhis.
Tus thawj tsim ntawm lub wrapper, uas niaj hnub no txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem paub cov khoom qab zib no yooj yim, tau tsim los ntawm tus kws kos duab Tatyana Lukyanova. Cov duab kos duab, uas nws tau ua hauv Leningrad Zoo, tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov duab no.
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias tam sim no lub hom phiaj no yog los ntawm Norwegian confectionery txhawj xeeb, uas yuav lub Hoobkas Krupskaya. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Russia, kom txog rau thaum 2008, cov khoom qab zib nyob rau hauv lub npe no tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau lub lag luam, tab sis tom qab kev hloov kho rau txoj cai lij choj ntawm cov cim kev lag luam tau pib siv, feem ntau cov chaw tsim khoom raug yuam kom tso tseg cov khoom qab zib raws li lub npe qub thiab tsim. Yog li no, niaj hnub no ntawm cov txee ntawm cov khw muag khoom koj tuaj yeem pom cov analogues uas txawv me ntsis ntawm cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv lo lossis lub npe, tab sis tib lub sijhawm lawv tseem yooj yim rau kev paub.
Creamy toffee
Nyob rau hauv USSR, "Cream toffee" khoom qab zib tau tsim nyob rau ntawm lub Hoobkas "Liab Lub Kaum Hli". Lawv qhov kev tso tawm tau tsim txij li xyoo 1925, nrog rau lwm cov khoom qab zib, uas tseem suav tias yog Golden Fund ntawm lub Hoobkas. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov no yog cocoa thiab qhob noom xim kasfes "Golden Label", "Mishka clumsy" (tsis txhob yuav tsis meej pem nrog "Mishka nyob rau sab qaum teb"), toffee"Kiss-kiss".
"Cream toffee" xa mus rau cov khoom qab zib mis. Cov neeg uas nco qab nws los ntawm lub sij hawm Soviet hais tias nws yog ib qho khoom qab zib qab heev, me me thiab daj-dawb nyob rau hauv ib lub paj ntsuab-daj wrapper nrog splashes ntawm liab. Tab sis nws qhov kev tso tawm tau ncua ntev lawm vim tsis paub txog.
Meteorite
Meteorite khoom qab zib kuj nrov heev hauv USSR. Lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tam sim no lawv, zoo li "Cream Toffee", nrhiav tsis tau. Nyob rau hauv saj, lawv nyob ze rau niaj hnub Grillage khoom qab zib.
Lawv tau tsim tawm ntawm ntau lub chaw ua haujlwm ib zaug - Krasny Oktyabr, Amta hauv Ulan-Ude, Bucuria hauv Chisinau.
Tib lub sijhawm, Meteorite, qhov tseeb, txawv ntawm "Roasting", vim nws sib dua thiab sib tw. Nws tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lub plhaub nyias ntawm cov qhob noom xim kasfes uas tau yaj hauv koj lub qhov ncauj, hauv qab yog cov txiv ntoo-caramel-qab zib puv uas saj zoo li shortbread thiab zib ntab. Cov khoom qab zib tau txaus siab heev, thiab qhov ntim nws tus kheej tau tom tau yooj yim heev, thiab qhov no yog qhov txawv ntawm "Roasting".
Nyob rau hauv lawv qhov tsos, Soviet "Meteorite" khoom qab zib zoo li cov pob me me. Thaum lawv raug txiav nrog rab riam, ib qho kev txhaws ntawm cov noob los yog txiv ntoo nrog zib ntab caramel raug nthuav tawm. Cov khoom qab zib tau muab qhwv rau hauv cov yam ntxwv xiav qhwv cov xim ntawm lub ntuj hmo ntuj. Lawv feem ntau tau muag hauv cov thawv me me, tab sis koj tuaj yeem ua tautau ntsib cov khoom qab zib no thiab hnyav.
Iris
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom qab zib uas tsis nyiam tshaj plaws hauv USSR yog "Iris". Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog fondant loj, uas yog tsim los ntawm boiling condensed mis nyuj nrog molasses, qab zib thiab rog, thiab ob qho tib si zaub los yog butter thiab margarine. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv crushed nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, nws tau muag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom qab zib, uas yog nyob rau hauv zoo thov.
Cov khoom qab zib tshuav lawv lub npe rau Fabkis cov khoom qab zib los ntawm lub npe ntawm Morna lossis Mornas, tam sim no tsis tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj tseeb, uas tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub Hoobkas hauv St. Petersburg thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Nws yog nws thawj zaug pom tias lawv lub siab zoo ib yam li cov paj ntawm iris paj.
Hauv USSR, ntau yam khoom qab zib no tau tsim: feem ntau lawv tau npog nrog icing, qee zaum lawv ntxiv ib qho ntxiv. Raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom, lawv txawv qhov sib txawv thiab nrum iris, thiab lawv tau txawv los ntawm kev sib xws thiab cov qauv:
- soft;
- semi-solid;
- reprinted;
- cam khwb cia ib nrab (ib qho piv txwv classic yog "Golden Key");
- viscous ("Tuzik", "Kiss-kiss").
Nyob hauv USSR, qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog hu ua toffees - cov khoom qab zib me me uas tau muag hauv ib lub hnab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov khoom tsim muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib ntxiv thiab cua sov ntawm cov khoom xyaw hauv lub digester mus rau qhov kawg kub, thaum cov sib tov tseem ua kua. Nws tau txias rau ntawm lub rooj tshwj xeeb nrog lub tsho dej. Thaum sib tov ua viscous thiab tuab, nwstau muab tso rau hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb apparatus, los ntawm uas ib tug toffee loj ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb thickness tuaj. Xws li ib tug tourniquet raug xa ncaj qha mus rau lub toffee wrapping tshuab, nyob rau hauv uas nws tau txiav mus rau hauv me me khoom qab zib thiab qhwv nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv lo.
Twb tom qab ntawd, cov khoom tiav tau txias rau hauv qhov tsim tshwj xeeb, qhuav (crystallization tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm no), vim qhov no lawv ua tiav qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Hauv nws cov duab, lub iris tuaj yeem yog square, hauv daim ntawv cib lossis molded.
Bird's milk
Khoom qab zib "Bird's milk" hauv USSR nyiam kev hlub tshwj xeeb thiab nrov. Qhov zoo siab, cov khoom qab zib no tuaj ntawm Poland, qhov chaw uas lawv tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1936. Lawv daim ntawv qhia tseem tsis hloov mus rau hnub no. Cov khoom qab zib "Bird's milk" yog ua hauv cov khoom qab zib chocolate nrog vanilla filling.
Hauv xyoo 1967 Vasily Zotov, tus thawj coj ntawm kev lag luam khoom noj hauv Soviet hauv Czechoslovakia, tau ntxim nyiam los ntawm cov khoom qab zib qab no. Rov qab mus rau Soviet Union, nws tau sau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua lub chaw ua khoom qab zib, qhia kom lawv ua cov khoom qab zib tib yam yam tsis muaj tshuaj, tab sis tsuas yog siv cov qauv xwb.
Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lub Hoobkas khoom qab zib hauv Vladivostok pib tsim cov khoom qab zib no. Daim ntawv qhia, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv Vladivostok, thaum kawg tau lees paub tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv USSR; niaj hnub no cov khoom qab zib yog muag nyob rau hauv lub hom Primorsky. Lawv qhov tshwj xeeb yog siv agar-agar.
Nyob rau xyoo 1968, kev sim cov khoom qab zib no tshwm sim ntawm Rot Front Hoobkas, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv sau tshuaj tsis taupom zoo. Tsuas yog dhau sijhawm, kev tsim khoom tuaj yeem tsim thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub neej txee ntawm Ptichye Moloko khoom qab zib tiag tiag, npaj raws li daim ntawv qhia classic, tsuas yog 15 hnub. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 90s lawv pib nce nws, thiab tib lub sij hawm txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom xyaw, ua cov khoom qab zib muaj nqis. Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntau heev, uas ua rau lawv lub neej txee rau ob lub hlis.
Ib ncuav mog qab zib hu ua "Bird's Milk", uas tau tsim thiab tsim nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, tau dhau los ua kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kws ua zaub mov hauv tsev. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1978 nyob rau hauv lub khw confectionery ntawm lub tsev noj mov Prague nyob rau hauv lub capital. Pastry kws ua zaub mov Vladimir Guralnik saib xyuas cov txheej txheem, thiab raws li lwm qhov chaw, nws tsim lub ncuav mog qab zib tus kheej.
Nws yog ua los ntawm ncuav mog qab zib, rau txheej lawv siv ib tug cream raws li butter, qab zib-agar syrup, condensed mis nyuj thiab qe dawb, uas yog pre-whipped. Nyob rau hauv 1982, lub ncuav mog qab zib "Bird's Milk" yog thawj lub ncuav mog qab zib nyob rau hauv lub USSR, uas tau muab ib tug patent. Rau nws qhov kev tsim khoom, lub rooj cob qhia tshwj xeeb tau nruab, uas tsim ob txhiab ncuav qab zib hauv ib hnub, tab sis nws tseem nyob hauv cov khoom tsis txaus.
