Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab yog lub sijhawm keeb kwm tshwj xeeb. Rau txhua lub tebchaws, nws pib thiab xaus rau lub sijhawm sib txawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe, lub sij hawm los ntawm lub 5th mus rau lub 15th centuries yog suav hais tias yog lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, nyob rau hauv Russia - los ntawm lub 10th mus rau 17th centuries, thiab nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj - los ntawm lub 4th mus rau 18th centuries. Xav paub ntxiv tias dab tsi ntawm sab ntsuj plig cuab yeej cuab tam uas cov tsim ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd tso peb tseg.
yam ntxwv dav dav
Yuav ua li cas rau medieval art? Hauv luv luv, nws tau ua ke cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm cov tswv uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov creation tau txiav txim los ntawm pawg ntseeg. Nws yog nws uas tom qab ntawd ua tus neeg siv khoom loj. Lub caij no, keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab medieval txuas nrog tsis yog nrog cov ntseeg dogmas xwb. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cim xeeb ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, tseem muaj cov cim qhia ntawm pagan worldview. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom hauv kev lis kev cai, lus dab neeg thiab rituals.
Music
Yog tsis muaj nws, kos duab medieval tsis tuaj yeem xav txog. Suab paj nruag tau suav hais tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws ib txwm nrog cov hnub so, kev ua koob tsheej, hnub yug. Ntawm cov cuab yeej nrov tshaj plaws yog horns, flutes,tswb, tambourines, xuav, nruas. Los ntawm cov teb chaws sab hnub tuaj, cov suab paj nruag tuaj rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Muaj ritual nta nyob rau hauv lub motives ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Piv txwv li, thaum pib ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb tau tsim, uas tib neeg tau tsav cov ntsuj plig ntawm lub caij ntuj no thiab tshaj tawm qhov pib ntawm cua sov. Thaum Christmas, lub tswb nrov ib txwm nrov. Nws nqa txoj xov zoo txog tus Cawm Seej txoj kev los.
Books
Medieval cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab tau tso tseg txoj kev nplua nuj rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Cov phau ntawv thaum ntxov ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau mob siab rau sau tseg thiab tom qab ntawd piav qhia los ntawm cov hauj sam. Lub sijhawm ntawd, daim ntawv tau suav tias yog qhov tsis tshua muaj, thiab yog li nws tau hloov nrog parchment. Nws yog tsim los ntawm nqaij nyuj los yog nqaij yaj. Lawv kawm sau ntawv rau ntawm cov ntawv ntoo uas muaj xim dub lossis ntsuab wax. Medieval tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab tau embodied tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ntoo boards. Rau cov khoom muaj nqis tshaj plaws, cov tawv embossing yooj yim tau siv. Medieval kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kws sau paj huam. Lawv tau mus rau kev sib tw los kawm cov ntawv sau ntawm lwm lub tebchaws. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hlub hauv tsev hais plaub, kev kos duab medieval tau sau nrog romanticism. Nws manifested nws tus kheej feem ntau nyob rau hauv prose thiab suab paj nruag. Ntawm cov tsev hais plaub, cov nkauj tau raug hu rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Charlemagne, Arthur thiab Roland. Kev sau ntawv txuas ntxiv txhim kho nquag. Hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov tsiaj ntawv me thiab cov tsiaj ntawv loj tau tshwm sim, thiab cov cai rau kev sau ntawv tau txiav txim siab. Phau ntawv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd suav hais tias yog khoom muaj nqis tiag tiag. Lawv tsis muaj rau cov pej xeem. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau khaws cia hauv qab xauv thiab qhov tseem ceeb. Yog leej twg muaj teeb meem nrognyiaj, koj tuaj yeem pawn phau ntawv thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo.
Medieval art: painting
Lub sijhawm nyob deb, tsuas yog cov neeg uas muaj txuj ci tiag tiag thiab muaj peev xwm tsim nyog kos duab tau koom nrog kev tsim cov frescoes thiab cov duab kos. Txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim no tsis yog qee yam kev nyiam ua lossis kev lom zem. Medieval art ua tej yam xav tau ntawm tus masters. Txhua painting lossis fresco muaj nws tus kheej cov neeg siv khoom. Raws li txoj cai, lub tsev teev ntuj phab ntsa, lub thaj lossis chav rau kev thov Vajtswv tau pleev xim rau. Cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tuaj yeem hu ua cov kws ua txuj ci, xws li, piv txwv li, cov kws ua hlau lossis cov kws ntoo. Yog li ntawd, ntau lub npe ntawm lawv tsis muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li, cov kws tsim khau tsis muab lawv lub npe kos npe rau txhua nkawm khau. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim cov frescoes feem ntau yog ua ke. Cov kws ua yeeb yam tsis tau tsom kom raug luam tawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Medieval art xav tias muaj kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev xav rau tib neeg. Los ntawm qhov no, qee cov cai tsis hais tau raug tsim:
- Qhia ib tus cwj pwm ntawm ib daim ntaub ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv (zoo ib yam li niaj hnub comics).
- Tsis quav ntsej qhov loj ntawm tus neeg los ua kom pom qhov tshwm sim li sai tau.
Kev kos duab ntawm cov iav medieval stained yog ua raws cov ntsiab lus kev cai dab qhuas. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau pleev xim rau cov ntsiab lus xws li "Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm Tswv Yexus", "Crucifixion", "Kev Mob Siab ntawm Tswv Yexus", "Madonna thiab Me Nyuam", thiab lwm yam.
Romancestyle
Lawv tau sau cov kos duab medieval ntawm Western Europe hauv X-XII centuries. Hauv qee thaj chaw, qhov style no muaj sia nyob mus txog rau xyoo pua 13th. Nws tau los ua ib qho ntawm cov theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev kos duab ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lub Romanesque style ua ke Merovingian thiab lig Antique cov ntsiab lus, cov khoom ntawm "Carolingian Renaissance", lub sij hawm ntawm Great Migration. Byzantine thiab oriental ntsiab nkag mus rau hauv medieval art ntawm Western Europe. Lub Romanesque style tau yug los nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm feudalism thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Kev tsim kho tseem ceeb, kev tsim cov duab puab, tsim cov ntawv sau tau ua los ntawm cov txiv plig. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau ntev ua qhov chaw tshaj tawm ntawm kev kos duab medieval. Lub architecture kuj yog iconic. Lub ntsiab distributors ntawm cov style nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yog lub monastic txiav txim. Nws tsuas yog mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th uas wandering artels ntawm nteg stonemasons pib tshwm.
Architecture
Cov vaj tse thiab complexes (castles, churches, monasteries) nyob rau hauv Romanesque style tau tsim, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv lub countryside. Lawv ua tus tswj hwm ib puag ncig, ua kom zoo li "lub nroog ntawm tus Tswv" lossis ua yeeb yam pom lub zog ntawm tus tswv feudal. Western medieval art tau ua raws li kev sib haum xeeb. Ntshiab silhouettes thiab cov ntaub ntawv compact ntawm lub tsev zoo li rov ua dua thiab ua kom tiav cov toj roob hauv pes. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev tseem ceeb yog pob zeb ntuj. Nws zoo kawg nkaus harmonized nrog greenery thiab av. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub Romanesque style yog loj phab ntsa. Lawv hnyavhais txog qhov qhib qhov rais nqaim thiab recessed stepped portals (passages). Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg tau suav hais tias yog lub tsev siab siab. Cov tsev Romanesque yog cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov yooj yim stereometric ntim: prisms, cubes, parallelepipeds, thooj voos kheej kheej. Lawv nto tau dissected los ntawm qhov chaw, vanes, arched friezes. Cov ntsiab lus no ua rau lub siab loj ntawm cov phab ntsa, tab sis tsis ua txhaum lawv txoj kev ncaj ncees monolithic.
Temples
Cov tsev teev ntuj centric thiab basilican tau txais los ntawm cov Christian architecture thaum ntxov tsim nyob rau hauv lawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug pej thuam los yog ib lub teeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Txhua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam tsev raug tsim los ua ib qho kev sib cais. Ob leeg sab nraud thiab sab hauv, nws tau pom meej meej cais los ntawm tus so. Tag nrho cov kev xav tau ntxiv dag zog los ntawm cov vaults. Lawv feem ntau yog hla, cylindrical lossis cross-rib. Domes raug ntsia rau ntawm tej lub tuam tsev.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom zoo nkauj
Nyob rau theem pib ntawm Romanesque style, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tau koom nrog kev pleev xim phab ntsa. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, thaum lub configuration ntawm phab ntsa thiab vaults ua complex, monumental reliefs nkag mus rau hauv lub tuam tsev décor. Lawv dai kom zoo nkauj portals, thiab feem ntau tag nrho facade phab ntsa. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev, lawv tau thov mus rau lub capitals ntawm txhua kab. Nyob rau hauv lub lig Romanesque style, lub tiaj tiaj yog hloov los ntawm ib tug siab dua thiab saturated nrog cov teebmeem ntawm lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo, tab sis tuav ib tug organic kev twb kev txuas nrog rau saum npoo ntawm phab ntsa. Lub hauv paus chaw hauv painting thiab duab puab tau nyob los ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas qhia lub formidable thiablub hwj chim tsis kawg ntawm Vajtswv. Cov duab ntawm Tswv Yexus predominated nyob rau hauv nruj me ntsis symmetrical compositions. Raws li cov lus piav qhia ntawm txoj moo zoo thiab cov ntsiab lus hauv phau Vajlugkub, lawv tau coj tus cwj pwm zoo dua thiab tsis pub dawb. Romanesque yas txawv nyob rau hauv deviations los ntawm natural proportions. Vim li no, tus duab ntawm ib tug neeg tau los ua tus tuav ntawm ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntau dhau los yog ib qho khoom zoo nkauj, tsis poob ntawm sab ntsuj plig qhia.
Gothic
Lub tswv yim no tau qhia thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance. Gothic kos duab ntawm medieval Europe tau suav hais tias yog "barbaric". Lub heyday ntawm Romanesque style yog suav tias yog X-XII centuries. Thaum lub sijhawm no tau raug txiav txim siab, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tau txwv rau Gothic. Yog li ntawd, thaum ntxov, paub tab (siab) thiab lig (flaming) theem tau txheeb xyuas. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Gothic yog hnyav heev nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas Catholicism dominated. Nws ua feem ntau yog ib qho kev kos duab ntawm kev cai dab qhuas thiab nws lub hom phiaj. Gothic tau txuam nrog nyob mus ib txhis, siab tsis ncaj ncees lawm.
Tsim cov nta
Kev kos duab ntawm cov iav medieval stained, duab puab, architecture hauv lub sijhawm Gothic tau txais ntau yam los ntawm Romanesque style. Ib qho chaw cais tau nyob ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Gothic tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv kev sib raug zoo. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, cov xeev hauv nruab nrab tau pib tsim, cov nroog loj hlob thiab muaj zog, cov rog hauv ntiaj teb pib nce qib - kev lag luam, khoom siv tes ua, nroog, tsev hais plaub thiab lub voj voog knightly. Raws li kev paub txog kev sib raug zoo,Kev txhim kho hauv thev naus laus zis tau pib nthuav dav rau kev nkag siab zoo nkauj ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb. Tshiab architectural tiam sis pib coj zoo. Kev npaj hauv nroog tau dhau los ua dav. Secular thiab kev cai dab qhuas vaj tse, txuas hniav, fortifications, thiab qhov dej muaj nyob rau hauv nroog architectural ensembles. Feem ntau, cov tsev tau tsim nyob rau ntawm lub ntsiab square ntawm lub nroog nrog arcades, cia thiab chaw lag luam nyob rau hauv qab daus plag tsev. Txoj kev loj tau ncaim ntawm nws. Nqaim facades ntawm feem ntau ob-zaj tsev tsev (tsis tshua muaj peb-zaj dab neeg) nrog siab gables lined nrog lawv. Lub nroog tau pib nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov phab ntsa muaj zog, uas tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov yees mus ncig. Noob nom noob tswv thiab feudal castles pib maj mam tig mus rau hauv tag nrho cov complex, nrog rau cov chaw pe hawm, palaces thiab fortifications.
Sculpture
Nws ua raws li daim ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab zoo. Cathedrals sab nraud thiab sab hauv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau tus neeg saib xyuas thiab cov mlom. Gothic sculpture, piv nrog Romanesque, yog qhov txawv ntawm dynamism, qhov kev thov ntawm cov duab rau ib leeg thiab rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Kev txaus siab pib tshwm nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv tib neeg kev zoo nkauj thiab kev xav. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua niam ua txiv, kev txhawb siab rau kev txi, thiab kev txom nyem ntawm kev ncaj ncees pib raug txhais los ntawm txoj kev tshiab. Tau hloov pauv thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm Tswv Yexus. Hauv Gothic, lub ntsiab lus ntawm martyrdom pib los ua ntej. Nyob rau hauv kev kos duab, lub cult ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv pib coj zoo. Qhov no tshwm sim yuav luag tib lub sijhawm nrog kev pe hawm cov poj niam zoo nkauj. Feem ntau cov ob cults no tau intertwined. Hauv ntau yam haujlwmLeej niam ntawm Vajtswv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug poj niam zoo nkauj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tib neeg khaws txoj kev ntseeg hauv kev ua txuj ci tseem ceeb, cov dab zoo heev, thiab tsiaj txhu zoo heev. Lawv cov duab tuaj yeem pom hauv Gothic ntau npaum li hauv Romanesque style.
India
Lub teb chaws no paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb rau nws cov txiaj ntsig suav tsis txheeb, khoom siv tes ua zoo nkauj. Txij thaum yau, cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov neeg pluag tau ua haujlwm zoo. Kev kawm ntawm cov tub thiab cov ntxhais ntawm nobility pib nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib xyoo ntawm lawv lub neej. Lawv tau kawm nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv uas txuas nrog cov tuam tsev lossis hauv tsev. Cov me nyuam los ntawm Brahmin caste tau qhia nyob rau hauv tsev los ntawm ib tug cob qhia. Tus me nyuam yuav tsum hwm tus kws qhia ntawv, mloog nws txhua yam. Cov tub ntawm tub rog thiab tub huabtais tau kawm txog kev ua tub rog thiab kev kos duab ntawm tsoomfwv. Qee lub tsev teev ntuj tau ua qhov chaw kawm. Kev qhia hauv lawv tau ua nyob rau theem siab tshaj plaws. Xws li lub chaw, piv txwv li, yog lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Noland. Nws ua haujlwm ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm ib puas lub zos, nrog rau cov khoom plig ntawm cov thawj coj. Observatories ua haujlwm hauv qee lub nroog ntawm medieval Is Nrias teb. Cov lej suav tuaj yeem suav cov ntim ntawm lub cev thiab thaj chaw ntawm cov lej, suav nrog cov lej lej dawb. Cov tshuaj tau tsim zoo hauv Is Nrias teb. Cov phau ntawv tau piav qhia txog cov qauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev, lub cev sab hauv. Cov kws kho mob Indian, siv txog 200 cov cuab yeej thiab ntau yam tshuaj tua kab mob, ua haujlwm nyuaj. Txhawm rau tsim kev kuaj mob, cov kws kho mob tau ntsuas tus neeg mob lub cev kub, mem tes, ntsuas tus neeg mob pom kev, saib xyuas cov xim ntawm tus nplaig thiab tawv nqaij. Kev kos duab thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv medieval Is Nrias teb tau mus txog qhov siab uas tsis tau pom dua.
pob zeb sculpture
Nws tau ua haujlwm zoo nkauj ntawm architecture. Raws li txoj cai, cov duab puab tau sawv cev los ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv lawv, tag nrho cov duab tau zoo sib xws. Kev txav, gestures, postures ntawm tib neeg saib amazingly graceful thiab qhia. Qhov no yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho cov duab puab ntawm kev kos duab ntawm kev seev cev, uas tau nthuav dav hauv Is Nrias teb txij thaum ancient sij hawm. Txawm nyob rau hauv Ashoka, lawv pib tsim lub qhov tsua thiab cov tuam tsev rau hermits hauv pob zeb. Lawv tau me me thiab tsim cov vaj tsev nyob hauv tsev. Nyob rau sab qaum teb thaj tsam ntawm Is Nrias teb, cov tuam tsev ntawm cov duab elongated oval (parabolic) tau tsim. Ntawm lawv saum lawv ua ib lub kaus-lotus. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws, cov tuam tsev muaj cov duab ntawm lub pyramid. Sab hauv, cov chav tau tsaus thiab qis. Lawv hu ua thaj neeb. Tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem nkag mus rau lawv. Lub tshav puam ntawm lub tuam tsev tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog sculptures depicting epic scenes los yog txhais nyob rau hauv ib tug piv txwv daim ntawv lub veneration ntawm tus vajtswv rau nws lub koob meej lub tuam tsev raug tsa. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws, muaj ntau yam sculptural ntsiab uas kev cai dab qhuas vaj tse ua raws li pedestals rau lawv. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog cov tuam tsev hauv Orissa, Konarak, Khajuraho.
Classics
Lub sijhawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm Is Nrias teb, net languages tau siv los tsim lawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau tus kws sau paj huam sau hauv Sanskrit. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog thaum xub thawj reworking ntawm classical qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, nws dhau los ua kom zoo dua qub thiab tsim rau cov neeg txiav txim siab. Xws li ib txoj hauj lwmPiv txwv li, muaj cov paj huam "Ramacharita". Txhua nqe lus nws muaj ob lub ntsiab lus, uas tuaj yeem sib npaug ntawm kev ua vaj ntxwv Rampal nrog rau kev siv ntawm epic Rama. Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, paj huam tsuas yog tsim, tab sis los ntawm lub xyoo pua 12-13th. pib tshwm thiab posture. Cov hauj lwm tau sau ua Sanskrit nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv ntawm cov dab neeg framed - dab neeg txuas los ntawm ib qho los ntawm zaj dab neeg. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog zaj dab neeg ntawm Kadambari. Txoj hauj lwm no qhia txog ob tus neeg hlub uas nyob hauv ntiaj teb ob zaug hauv kev sib txawv. Zaj dab neeg tshiab "Lub Taug txuj kev nyuaj ntawm 10 Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv" ua rau lom zem ntawm cov thawj coj, cov neeg saib xyuas, cov neeg saib xyuas thiab txawm yog vajtswv.
Nws ntog rau IV-VI centuries. Lub sijhawm ntawd, sab qaum teb ntawm Is Nrias teb tau koom ua lub xeev muaj zog. Nws tau kav los ntawm cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Gupta dynasty. Cov kos duab medieval tsim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no kis mus rau yav qab teb thaj chaw. Lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tuam tsev hauv Ajanta tau khaws cia cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 2nd, 29 lub qhov tsua tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw no nyob rau cuaj pua xyoo tom ntej. Lawv lub qab nthab, phab ntsa, txhua kab yog pleev xim nrog scenes ntawm cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog carvings thiab sculptures. Ajanta ua qhov chaw tsis yog ntawm kev ntseeg, tab sis kuj yog kev kos duab thiab kev tshawb fawb. Tam sim no, nws symbolizes lub greatness ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm antiquity. Ajanta nyiam ntau tus neeg tuaj ncig thoob ntiaj teb.
