Cov lus Askiv niaj hnub no txawv ntawm nws daim ntawv qub - Lus Askiv qub, lossis Anglo-Saxon. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov no yog qhov qub monuments ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv tsis zoo li yuav to taub los ntawm ib tug neeg nyob deb ntawm kev kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thaum ub. Daim duab hauv qab no qhia txog kev hloov pauv hauv Ntawv Nkauj 23 tshaj 1000 xyoo.
Dab tsi ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov lus? Cov niaj hnub no txawv ntawm qhov qub li cas?
Lub sijhawm twg yog lus Askiv muab faib ua?
Keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Askiv qub pib nyob rau xyoo pua 5, nrog rau thawj qhov chaw nyob hauv Germanic nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Tebchaws Askiv niaj hnub no. Sij hawm dhau mus, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev nom kev tswv, cov lus tau hloov pauv ntau yam thiab tau muab faib ua:
- Lub sijhawm qub lus Askiv ntawm cov lus Askiv tau nthuav dav txij li 5th mus rau 7th centuries, cim los ntawm kev tuaj txog ntawm cov pab pawg neeg German thiab cov tsos ntawm kev sau ntawv;
- nruab nrab lub sijhawm Askiv ntawm cov lus Askiv - los ntawm 5th mus rau 15th centuries Lub sijhawm no, Tebchaws Askiv tau kov yeej los ntawm Normans, thiab hauv 1475 lub sijhawm luam ntawv pib;
- Modern English - XVcenturies - mus rau niaj hnub no.
Cov lus Askiv qub yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj cov lus uas tau tshwm sim tom qab kev kov yeej ntawm Tebchaws Askiv los ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis, Saxons thiab Jutes. Muaj 4 hom lus nyob rau hauv tag nrho: Northumbrian, Mercian, Wessex thiab Kentish. Thawj ob tug tau hais los ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis, tab sis vim qhov tseeb tias thaj chaw ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob nyob deb ntawm ib leeg, ntau qhov tshwj xeeb tshwm sim hauv lawv txhua tus. Wessex tau hais los ntawm Saxons thiab Kentish los ntawm Jutes.
Vajtswv cov lus tsim tau licas?
Cov kws tshawb fawb kwv yees tias phau ntawv txhais lus Askiv qub muaj 30,000 txog 100,000 lo lus. Lawv muab faib ua 3 pawg:
- cov lus Askiv qub tsuas pom muaj hom lus no;
- Indo-European - cov lus qub tshaj plaws uas qhia txog cov npe ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab lub cev, cov lus qhia ntawm kev ua thiab ntau tus lej;
- Germanic - cov lus uas tshwm sim hauv pab pawg no nkaus xwb thiab muaj ntau hom lus ntawm lawv pawg.
Cov lus Askiv qub muaj kwv yees li 600 qhov qiv nyiaj los ntawm Celtic thiab Latin, cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm hauv qab no.
- I xyoo pua AD e. Roman faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv Emperor Claudius tau tuav lub teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab ua lawv cov colony. Cov cheeb tsam tau muab faib ua tub rog tom qab los ua cov nroog Askiv: Lancaster, Manchester, Lincoln. Qhov xaus "caster" thiab "chester" hauv Latin txhais tau tias "chaw pw", thiab qhov xaus "koln" - "kev daws teeb meem".
- V xyoo pua. Tebchaws Askiv tau tawm tsam los ntawm Saxons, Angles, thiab Germanic pab pawg.cov Utes, uas nws hom lus supplanted cov lus Celtic. Cov pab pawg neeg German tau coj mus rau Lus Askiv qub tsis yog lawv cov lus, tab sis kuj qiv los ntawm Latin: txhob lo lo ntxhuav, cheese, cawv, phaus, butter thiab lwm yam.
- 597 xyoo. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv coj mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau qiv cov lus los qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntseeg: npis sov, tswm ciab, tub txib saum ntuj, dab ntxwg nyoog, mlom, anthem, hauj sam thiab lwm yam. Cov npe ntawm cov nroj tsuag, kab mob, tshuaj, tsiaj txhu, khaub ncaws, khoom siv hauv tsev, tais diav thiab khoom siv kuj tau txais los ntawm Latin: ntoo thuv, tsob ntoo, lily, kub taub hau, mob qog noj ntshav, ntxhw, ntxhuav, kaus mom, radish thiab lwm yam. Ntxiv nrog rau kev qiv ncaj qha, kev taug qab tau siv dav - cov lus txhais lus. Piv txwv li, hnub Monday luv luv rau Monadie, cov lus txhais ntawm Lunae Dies ("Hnub ntawm Lub Hli").
- 878 xyoo. Anglo-Saxons thiab Danes kos npe rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, vim tias qhov kawg tau txais ib feem ntawm cov tebchaws Askiv. Qhov tseeb no kuj cuam tshuam rau cov lus, uas cov lus xws li qag, npau taws, thiab cov ntawv sib txuas sc- thiab sk- tshwm. Piv txwv li: daim tawv nqaij, pob txha taub hau, ntuj.
- 790 xyoo. Viking raids coj mus rau qiv ntawm cov lus pov, hu, nqa, tuag. mob, dab tuag, lawv, lawv. ob leeg. Kev tuag ntawm flexia kuj yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no.
Cov lus Askiv qub qub
Cov lus Askiv qub muaj cov qauv sau ntawv nyuaj dua li cov lus Askiv niaj hnub.
- thaum sau ntawv lawv siv cov tsiaj ntawv runic, Gothic thiab Latin.
- pronoun, noun thiab adjective hloov los ntawm poj niam txiv neej.
- xwbcov lus thiab cov plural kuj tseem muaj dual plural: ic (I) / peb (peb) / wit (peb yog ob).
- 5 rooj plaub: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative thiab instrumental.
- glaed - xyiv fab;
- glades - xyiv fab;
- gladum - xyiv fab;
- glaedne - xyiv fab;
- glade - xyiv fab.
Nouns, adjectives thiab pronouns raug tsis kam nyob ntawm qhov xaus
Yuav ua li cas cov lus qhia txawv?
Verbs hauv Lus Askiv qub yog ib txoj kab lus yooj yim.
- Vajtswv tau muab faib ua qhov muaj zog, tsis muaj zog thiab lwm yam. Cov muaj zog muaj 7 conjugations, cov qaug zog muaj 3, thiab lwm yam muaj 2.
- Yam tsis muaj yav tom ntej, tsuas muaj tam sim no thiab yav dhau los.
- Cov lus qhia hloov ntawm tus neeg thiab tus lej.
Dab tsi yog lus Askiv niaj hnub thiab lus Askiv qub?
Cov lus Askiv qub tau hloov pauv ntau vim muaj xwm txheej keeb kwm ua ntej nws tau txais nws daim ntawv niaj hnub. Qhov txawv ntawm hom lus niaj hnub no yog dab tsi?
- Los ntawm 5 rooj plaub, tsuas yog 2 leeg xwb - qhov no yog qhov dav thiab muaj.
- Tsis muaj kev sib txuas hauv cov lus qhia niaj hnub no, tsis yog lawv muaj cov lus qhia tsis raug.
- Lub sijhawm yav tom ntej tau tshwm sim, uas txawv ntawm yav dhau los thiab tam sim no los ntawm qhov tsis muaj nws cov lus qhia. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no cov lus qhia tsis hloov, thiab tus pab qhia ntawv yog lo lus yuav.
- Gerund tshwm sim -Daim ntawv tsis yog tus kheej ntawm cov lus qhia nrog cov khoom ntawm lub npe thiab cov lus qhia.
Cov lus dab tsi hauv phau ntawv txhais lus Askiv qub?
Cov tebchaws Askiv nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv yog rau cov neeg Loos, Scandinavians thiab pawg neeg German. Cov lus nyob hauv phau ntawv txhais lus dab tsi?
- mona - hli - hli;
- broodor - tij laug - tij laug;
- modor - niam - niam;
- sunu - son - son;
- beon - be - yuav;
- don - ua - ua;
- ic - Kuv - Kuv;
- twa - two - two;
- pet - that - then;
- handus - tes - tes;
- clipian - hu - hu;
- brid - noog - noog.
Txawm tias cov lus Askiv qub thiab cov lus Askiv niaj hnub no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm ib leeg, tus qub tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho yav tom ntej.
