Kab lus no nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas cov qauv lus Askiv ua haujlwm rau. Cov nqe lus tau muab nrog qhov tseem ceeb thawj qhov kev xaiv. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov no yog cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus thiab cov qauv dav dav piav qhia nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov qauv lus txiav txim. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias cov lus tsis yog lus piav qhia ('irrealis moods'), xws li kev nug tig ('interrogative mus ob peb vas'), thov thiab commands ('Imperative mus ob peb vas'), conditional kab lus ('conditional kab lus'), feem ntau hloov cov qauv ntawm kab lus. Nrog inversion, qhov predicate (los yog ib feem ntawm qhov predicate) ua ntej ntawm qhov kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov tswv cuab me tuaj yeem ua ntej los ua lub luag haujlwm rhematic. Qhov no tsis siv rau cov lus txhais, vim lawv tsis nyob ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus, tab sis ncaj qha rau cov npe.
Clause, yooj yim thiab sib xyaw (grammatical hauv paus, kab lus yooj yim thiab nyuaj)
Cov lus Askiv niaj hnub no tsis sib npaug rau Lavxias, txawm hais tias nws muaj cov ntsiab lus sib xws. Dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv cov tsoossystem yog denoted los ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws, nyob rau hauv ib tug tswv yim qhov teeb meem nws yuav coj txawv txawv. Yog li, peb yuav piav qhia luv luv cov ntsiab lus grammatical ntawm cov lus Askiv yam tsis muaj kev siv nruj rau cov kev faib tawm hauv Lavxias.
'Sentence' - kab lus, ib pawg ntawm cov lus uas muaj lub tswv yim ua tiav.
'Rhema' yog ib qho rheme, ib qho kev hais lus, tsim los qhia cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb lossis cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, ib yam dab tsi uas ua rau cov lus tau hais tawm (lossis sau).
'Lub ntsiab lus' yog ib qho passive uas ua haujlwm raws li lub rheme thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus uas paub zoo lossis tsis cuam tshuam rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim.
'Clause' - Cov lus qhia ib feem ntawm ib kab lus, feem ntau txhais ua kab lus kab lus.
'Composite kab lus' - ib kab lus nyuaj uas muaj ob peb 'clauses' ("grammatical foundations"), raws li hierarchical faib muab faib ua:
- kab lus nrog qhov sib npaug - 'Cov kab lus sib xyaw' (cov kab lus sib xyaw);
- kab lus nrog rau qhov chaw nyob thiab subordinate - 'Complex kab lus' (cov kab lus nyuaj).
Ntxiv rau, nyob ntawm seb muaj cov tswvcuab me, muaj cov ntsiab lus zoo li 'tsis txuas ntxiv' (tsis yog kab lus txuas ntxiv) thiab ' kab lus txuas ntxiv' (ntau).
Cov tswv cuab ntawm cov kab lus tsis txuas ntxiv
'Non-extended kab lus' - kab lus tsis txuas ntxiv, tsuas muaj cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus: cov ntsiab lus thiab / lossis cov lus qhia.
'Kev Ua Haujlwm' -predicate, grammatical lub sij hawm rau cov lus qhia nws tus kheej nrog tag nrho nws cov pab pawg - 'simple predicate' (simple), rau ib tug multi-part predicate - ' complex predicate ' (complex).
'Verbal predicate' yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj ntau yam lus.
'Predicative expression' yog qhov nominal ntawm qhov nominal predicate, feem ntau yog qhia los ntawm ib tus npe lossis tus npe.
'Subject' - ib lo lus grammatical siv los qhia txog qhov kev sib cav tseem ceeb ('kev sib cav') ntawm qhov ua ntej, tuaj yeem hais tau yuav luag txhua feem ntawm kev hais lus lossis kab lus. Txawm tias 'clause' tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm no. Raws li kev xav, hauv lus Askiv nws yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv kab lus tsawg kawg yog ib qho 'Nws', tab sis hauv kev xyaum nws feem ntau raug tshem tawm.
Cov tswv cuab ntawm cov kab lus txuas ntxiv
'Extended kab lus' - ib kab lus ntau, muaj, ntxiv rau cov ncauj lus thiab / lossis cov lus qhia, cov tswv cuab theem nrab, xws li, piv txwv li, ib qho khoom, qhov xwm txheej thiab lub ntsiab lus.
'Object' yog qhov ntxiv. Ib yam khoom ncaj qha ('cov khoom ncaj qha') hais ncaj qha rau cov lus qhia thiab hais tias leej twg / dab tsi lossis nrog dab tsi ua tiav.
'Adverbial' ('adjunct') yog qhov xwm txheej. Hauv kev nkag siab dav dua, nws qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia, xws li lub sijhawm, qhov chaw, qhov ua rau, kev ua ntej, cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab qhov tshwm sim.
'Attribute' - lub ntsiab lus uas pom nws txoj haujlwm hauv cov ntawv tsis hais tus qauv dav dav,piv txwv li, nws qhov chaw yog dictated los ntawm lo lus tseem ceeb, thiab tsis yog los ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov tswv cuab nyob rau hauv kab lus.
'Wh-lus' yog cov lus nug lossis cov lus siv los tsim cov lus nug tshwj xeeb thiab kev tsim kho zoo sib xws.
Cov lus thiab Wh-words
'Modal words' - modal (introductory) lo lus (tsis txhob totaub nrog modal verbs).
'Wh-lus' thiab 'Modal lus' feem ntau suav cais, tsis txhais tias yog cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus.
Cov hauv qab no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv hauv cov lus. Ib feem (sab sauv) muab cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus, lwm qhov (qis) - ntu ntawm kev hais lus.
Parts of hais lus
Cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm ib lo lus hais txog cov txheej txheem rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim morpheme thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov qauv uas cov lus raug muab rau ib chav kawm. Ib feem ntawm kev hais lus - pawg ntawm cov lus uas zoo li qhia txog qee yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, adjectives xaiv ib tug kos npe rau ntawm cov khoom thiab phenomena, thiab pronouns yog npaj rau indirect designation ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus. Cais qhib ('qhib') thiab kaw ('kaw') pawg ntawm cov lus hais.
Qhia pab pawg
'Qhib pab pawg' yog lo lus grammatical rau cov pab pawg loj hlob. Cov lus tshiab tshwm sim los ntawm kev ntxiv cov lus ua ntej thiab cov lus xaus, los ntawm kev ntxiv cov hauv paus hniav, tsim los ntawm lwm qhov ntawm kev hais lus, qiv los ntawm lwm yam lus, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab cov npe, thiab yog li ntawd.linguistic evolution los ntawm cov lus uas twb muaj lawm lawm.
'Nouns' - lub npe qhia txog ib yam khoom lossis qhov tshwm sim thiab sib txawv ntawm kev ywj pheej los ntawm cov npe kom raug, uas, tshwj tsis yog rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv cov khoom thiab cov cai ntawm kev sib raug zoo, tsis cuam tshuam rau lawv cov syntax.
'Verbs' – verbs. Kev xa mus rau cov lus qhia ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus qhia, ib tus tuaj yeem tawm ntawm lo lus grammatical 'main verb' (semantic verb), tus so ntawm cov lus qhia yog official thiab es mus rau ib pawg kaw: 'modal verb' (ib qho tsis yog. -semantic verb with a transitive sense) thiab 'auxuliary verb' (auxiliary verb), siv los ua tense-aspect, voice and subordinate builds, as well as a variety of 'auxiliary verbs' - 'link verb' (link verb), siv los xyuas kom meej qhov verbality ntawm ib tug nominal (nominal) predicate. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas 'link verb' yog tib qho lus qhia nyob rau hauv kab lus grammatical, nws yog suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab lus qhia, 'main verb'.
Verb forms:
- 'daim ntawv yooj yim', daim ntawv yooj yim (lossis 'infinitive yam tsis muaj 'to', ' liab qab infinitive'), lossis tsuas yog qhov tsis muaj hnub kawg ntawm cov lus qhia;
- 'infinitive' (infinitive);
- '-s'-form, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov tam sim no indefinite tense nyob rau hauv tus thib peb tus yam lus;
- Yav dhau los Indefinite Active - daim ntawv uas cov lus qhia siv yav dhau los indefinite tense (cov lus qhia tsis tu ncua ua rau nws, tau txais qhov xaus 'ed', thiab qhov tsis ncaj ncees tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv kab thib ob ntawm lub rooj tsis xwm yeem. verbs);
- 'pab kuv'los yog 'present participle' - tam sim no participle, muaj daim ntawv ntawm ib tug verb nrog ntxiv ntawm qhov xaus 'ing';
- 'participle II' lossis ' pasticiple' - yav dhau los participle, uas zoo li ntxiv qhov xaus 'ed' rau cov lus qhia tsis tu ncua, thiab zoo li kab thib peb ntawm lub rooj ntawm cov lus qhia tsis xwm yeem rau cov lus qhia tsis xwm yeem;
- 'gerund' yog gerund uas sib txuas cov khoom ntawm lub npe thiab kev ua.
'Adjectives' - adjectives, qhia lub cim ntawm lub npe, tuaj yeem yog ib feem ntawm cov ncauj lus thiab cov lus qhia lossis txhais.
'Adverbs' - adverbs, feem ntau qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem xa mus rau kab lus tag nrho, feem ntau tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov xwm txheej.
Closed group
'Cov pab pawg kaw' - pab pawg ntawm cov lus hais, tus lej ntawm cov chav nyob uas, raws li txoj cai, ib txwm tsis hloov pauv. Raws li qhov tsis tshua muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, cov morphemes tshiab tau tsim, zoo li hauv cov pab pawg qhib, los ntawm kev hloov kho cov lus uas twb muaj lawm thaum cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov lus tau hloov kho thiab kho tshiab.
'Pronouns' – pronouns.
'prepositions' – prepositions.
'Conjunctive' - unions.
'Determiners' yog cov lus piav qhia. Lawv muab faib ua 'particles' - particles, thiab 'kab' - kab lus.
'Interjections' – interjections.
