Ua ntej txiav txim siab txog cov txheej txheem ntawm molecular biology, nws yuav tsum nkag siab thiab paub tsawg kawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus dav dav uas molecular biology nws tus kheej yog dab tsi thiab nws kawm dab tsi. Thiab rau qhov no koj yuav tsum tau khawb txawm tob thiab cuam tshuam nrog lub tswv yim zoo ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm". Thiab tseem nco ntsoov tias cell, nucleus, proteins thiab deoxyribonucleic acid yog dab tsi.
Dab tsi yog dab tsi, lossis kev paub yooj yim
Txhua tus neeg uas tau kawm biology hauv tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum paub tias lub cev ntawm txhua tus neeg thiab tsiaj txhu muaj cov kabmob, nqaij thiab pob txha. Thiab cov no yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam ntaub so ntswg, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog tsim los ntawm cov hlwb.
Shell, cytoplasm, ntau cov proteins thiab cov nucleus yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov cell zoo tib yam. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv hais txog yuav ua li cas cov proteins tsim thiab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, thiab kom meej meej, hauv deoxyribonucleic.kua qaub. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nto moo DNA strand uas cov ntaub ntawv hais txog yuav ua li cas cov proteins yuav tsum ua hauj lwm yog khaws cia thiab khaws cia. Tag nrho cov kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob yog nyob ntawm qhov tsim nyog ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm biologists, tsis muaj dab tsi tseem ceeb dua. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias tag nrho lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg nyob ntawm ib txhiab lab ntawm cov xwm txheej me tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem hloov nws lub genome.
Molecular biology yog tib yam thiab kawm txog cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv cov hlwb: yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv pauv ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid mus rau cov proteins, lawv pib mus txog li cas, cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein, lawv tsim li cas.
Txij thaum xyoo nees nkaum xyoo pua nees nkaum, molecular biology tau tsim kho. Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb tau mob siab rau lawv lub neej rau kev kawm txog deoxyribonucleic acid thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein. Ntau qhov kev xav-boggling discoveries tau ua. Piv txwv li, tus kws tshawb fawb Francis Crick nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm lub sixties tsim lub Central Dogma ntawm molecular biology. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj cai no yog cov ntaub ntawv caj ces txav los ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid mus rau ribonucleic acid, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd mus rau cov protein. Tab sis cov txheej txheem tsis tuaj yeem mus rau qhov sib txawv.
Nws tsuas yog ze rau qhov pib ntawm nees nkaum-thawj xyoo pua uas tsim cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm molecular biology pib. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, qhov kev tshwm sim tiag tiag tshwm sim hauv kev tshawb fawb: cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias yuav ua li cas thiab los ntawm dab tsi deoxyribonucleic acid tsim. Biology thiab chemistry yeej tsis zoo ib yam ntxiv lawm.
Molecular biology method
Muaj qhov yooj yimtxoj hauv kev los hloov deoxyribonucleic thiab ribonucleic acids, nrog rau kev siv cov proteins. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm biochemistry thiab molecular biology yog kom paub ib yam dab tsi tshiab txog DNA thiab cov proteins.
thawj txoj kev. Cut
Thawj zaug, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias lawv tuaj yeem hloov cov qauv ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid rov qab rau tsib caug xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, thaum lawv pom ib qho enzyme tshwj xeeb heev. Nobel laureates Smith, Nathans thiab Arber, uas tau cais tawm thiab siv cov protein no hauv xyoo 1978, hu ua nws qhov txwv enzyme. Xws li lub npe hnyav heev raug xaiv vim tias qhov enzyme no muaj peev xwm zoo kawg: nws tuaj yeem txiav los ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid.
thib ob txoj kev. Txuas
Ntau zaus, cov txheej txheem ntawm molecular biology tsis yog siv ib leeg, tab sis ua khub nrog ib leeg. Thawj ob txoj hauv kev los ntawm cov npe no tuaj yeem ua piv txwv ntawm no. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb lom neeg tsis yog ntau heev los cais cov deoxyribonucleic acid molecule los tsim cov molecule tshiab. Lub hom phiaj no yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis muaj lwm yam enzyme: DNA ligase. Nws muaj peev xwm txuas chains ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid rau ib leeg. Ntxiv mus, cov chains tuaj yeem yog cov hlwb ntawm ntau hom sib txawv, thiab qhov no yuav tsis cuam tshuam dab tsi.
Third method. Faib
Nws feem ntau tshwm sim tias deoxyribonucleic acid molecules muaj qhov ntev sib txawv. Yog li hais tias qhov no tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, lawv tau faib nrogsiv cov phenomenon ntawm electrophoresis. Lub deoxyribonucleic acid molecule yog immersed nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom, thiab nws tus kheej yog immersed nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob teb, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov kev sib cais tshwm sim.
Txoj kev plaub. Paub qhov tseem ceeb
Txoj kev ntawm biochemistry thiab molecular biology txawv. Feem ntau lawv lub hom phiaj tsis yog hloov cov noob, tab sis kawm txog lawv. Txhawm rau nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm DNA, hybridization ntawm nucleic acids yog siv. Qhov kev sim nws tus kheej mus zoo li no: ua ntej, deoxyribonucleic acid yog rhuab. Vim li no, cov chains raug txiav. Cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau rov ua dua ob zaug nrog ob qhov sib txawv deoxyribonucleic acids. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau ua ke nrog ib leeg, thiab thaum kawg qhov sib tov yog txias. Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas sai lossis qeeb hybridization tshwm sim, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias deoxyribonucleic acid saw nws tus kheej li cas.
Txoj kev thib tsib. Clone
Molecular biology tshawb fawb txoj kev ib txwm muaj kev cuam tshuam, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, vim hais tias qhov tseeb cloning yog ib tug ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov yav dhau los txoj kev ua hauj lwm nrog noob. Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum tau faib cov deoxyribonucleic acid rau hauv qhov chaw. Tom ntej no, cov kab mob loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib lub raj kuaj, thiab cov chains tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv.
Sixth method. Txhais
Rov qab nyob rau hauv tsib caug ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, ib tug biologist los ntawm Sweden, Per Victor Edman, tuaj nrog ib txoj kev. Nrog nws cov kev pab, nws tuaj yeem yooj yim paub txog cov kab ke ntawm cov amino acids hauv cov protein uas tsis muaj kev siv zog ntau.
Xyatxoj kev. Hloov kho
Cov ntsiab lus thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm molecular biology feem ntau yog ua haujlwm nrog cov hlwb. Qhov tseeb yog tias nrog kev pab los ntawm cov noob caj noob ces, tus kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem txhaj tshuaj deoxyribonucleic acid rau hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg. Yog li, cov hlwb hloov pauv, tau txais cov txiaj ntsig tshiab thiab ua haujlwm. Lub nucleus thiab lwm yam organelles tau hloov pauv ntau dhau los ntawm qhov kev sim no.
Txoj kev thib yim. Tshawb nrhiav
Genes, uas yog hu ua cov noob caj noob ces, tuaj yeem txuas rau lwm cov noob thiab nrog kev pab ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm yooj yim no, los kawm txog qhov tshwm sim hauv lub hlwb. Tsis tas li, txoj kev no yog siv txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau paub meej tias cov noob tau tshwm sim hauv ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Cov noob LacZ feem ntau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg sau xov xwm.
cuaj txoj kev. Tshawb nrhiav
Yuav kom cais cov noob ntawm lwm tus, cov kws tshawb fawb qhia horseradish peroxidase rau hauv lub cell. Nyob ntawd nws ua ke nrog cov molecule thiab xa cov teeb liab muaj zog txaus uas tso cai rau tus kws tshawb fawb los txiav txim seb qhov ntau thiab qhov zoo ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes.
Zoo kawg
Nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb heev mus rau pem hauv ntej. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm biology. Kev ua haujlwm tshiab thiab hom hlwb, txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm molecular biology tau raug tshawb pom. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias yav tom ntej yuav nyob ntawm cov kev tshawb pom no. Thiab cov kev tshawb pom no, dhau los, nyob ntawm txoj kev niaj hnub ntawm molecular biology.
