Kho qhov muag iav yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ua iav pob tshab uas yog siv los ua cov khoom siv kho qhov muag. Nws txawv ntawm ib txwm purity thiab muaj zog pob tshab, uniformity thiab colorlessness. Nws kuj nruj me ntsis normalizes dispersion thiab refractive zog. Kev ua raws li cov kev xav tau no ua rau muaj qhov nyuaj thiab tus nqi ntau lawm.
History
Koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam piv txwv ntawm kev siv lo ntsiab muag txhua hnub, piv txwv li, lub iav tsom iav yog lub iav tsom iav zoo tib yam - yuav pab koj tsim lub projector me me los ntawm lub smartphone zoo tib yam, tab sis cov iav kho qhov muag tau tshwm sim tsis ntev dhau los.
Lenses tau paub txij li thaum ub, tab sis thawj zaug sim ua iav zoo ib yam li cov khoom siv niaj hnub no tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau xyoo pua 17th. Yog li, German chemist Kunkel nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws tej hauj lwm hais txog phosphoric thiab boric acids, uas yog ib feem ntawm iav tivthaiv. Nws kuj tau tham txog borosilicate crown, uas yog ze rau qee cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub hais txog kev muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov no tuaj yeem raug hu ua thawj qhov kev vam meej hauv kev tsim cov iav nrog qee yam khoom siv kho qhov muag thiab qib txaus ntawmLub cev thiab tshuaj homogeneity.
Nyob hauv kev lag luam
Kev tsim cov tsom iav kho qhov muag ntawm qhov chaw lag luam pib thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Lub Swiss Gian, ua ke nrog Fraunhofer, tau qhia ib txoj hauv kev ruaj khov rau kev tsim cov iav ntawm ib qho ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv Bavaria. Tus yuam sij rau txoj kev vam meej yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tov cov yaj nrog kev pab los ntawm kev txav ntawm cov av nplaum vertically rau hauv iav. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov iav kho qhov muag ntawm qhov ua tau zoo, txog li 250 hli inch.
Modern production
Hauv kev tsim cov iav kho qhov muag, cov khoom siv ntxiv ntawm cov khoom muaj tooj liab, selenium, kub, nyiaj thiab lwm yam hlau yog siv. Ua noj los ntawm tus nqi. Nws yog loaded rau hauv refractory pots, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub khob rauv. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov nqi tuaj yeem suav nrog txog 40% ntawm cov iav pov tseg, qhov tseem ceeb yog kev ua raws li cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cullet thiab melting iav. Cov iav loj thaum ua noj yog txuas ntxiv nrog spatula ua los ntawm ceramic lossis platinum. Ua li no kom ua tiav lub xeev tsis sib xws.
Ib ntus, cov yaj yog coj mus rau tus qauv, uas tswj tau qhov zoo. Ib theem tseem ceeb ntawm melting yog qhia meej: nyob rau hauv iav loj, tso tawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm gases pib los ntawm clarifying tshuaj uas twb xub ntxiv rau cov sib tov. Cov npuas loj loj tuaj thiab nce sai sai, ntxiab cov npuas me me uas tsis tuaj yeem tsim thaum lub sij hawm brewing.
Thaum kawg, cov lauj kaub raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov cub, tom qab ntawdtxias maj mam. Kev ua kom txias, qeeb los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, tuaj yeem kav ntev txog yim hnub. Nws yuav tsum tsis sib xws, txwv tsis pub cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem tsim hauv qhov loj, uas ua rau tawg.
Properties
Optical iav yog cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov lo ntsiab muag. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib los ntawm hom mus rau hauv sau thiab scattering. Sau lo ntsiab muag suav nrog biconvex thiab plano-convex lo ntsiab muag, nrog rau concave-convex, hu ua "positive meniscus".
Kho qhov muag iav muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv:
- refractive index txiav txim los ntawm ob kab spectral hu ua sodium doublet;
- nruab nrab dispersion, uas nkag siab tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab liab thiab xiav ntawm cov spectrum;
- dispersion coefficient - tus lej muab los ntawm qhov piv ntawm qhov nruab nrab dispersion thiab refraction.
Colored optical iav yog siv los tsim cov lim dej nqus. Nyob ntawm cov khoom siv, muaj peb lub ntsiab ntawm cov iav kho qhov muag:
- inorganic;
- plexiglass (organic);
- mineral-organic.
iav Inorganic muaj oxides thiab fluorides. Quartz optical iav kuj belongs rau inorganic (cov tshuaj formula SiO2). Quartz muaj tsawg refraction thiab siab lub teeb kis tau tus mob, nws yog yus muaj los ntawm tshav kub kuj. Muaj ntau hom pob tshab tso cai rau nws siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnubtelecommunications (optical fiber cables, thiab lwm yam), kuj silicate iav yog indispensable nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm optical lo ntsiab muag, piv txwv li, ib tug magnifying iav yog tsim los ntawm quartz.
Based ntawm silicon
Pob tshab silicate iav tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si kho qhov muag thiab kev ua haujlwm. Optical yog tsim los ntawm melting pob zeb siv lead ua, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev no ib tug kiag li homogeneous qauv yog tau. Hauv cov iav opaque, cov npuas me me hauv cov khoom yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov xim.
Ntxiv rau cov iav silicon-raws li quartz iav, lub iav silicon kuj tsim, uas, txawm tias lub hauv paus zoo sib xws, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov muag pom. Silicon hlwb muaj peev xwm refrac X-rays thiab xa infrared tawg.
Organic iav
Lub npe hu ua plexiglass yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws polymer. Cov khoom pob tshab thiab tawv no yog cov thermoplastics thiab feem ntau siv los hloov quartz iav. Plexiglas tiv taus ntau yam ib puag ncig, xws li cov av noo thiab tsis kub, tab sis nws yog softer thiab, yog li ntawd, ntau rhiab heev rau txhua yam kev ntxhov siab. Vim nws softness, organic optical iav yog ib qho yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem - txawm lub simplest hlau txiav cuab yeej "noj" nws.
Cov khoom siv no zoo heev rau kev ua laser thiab yooj yim rau cov qauv lossis kos. Raws li lub lens, nws zoo kawg nkaus cuam tshuam infrared rays, tab siskis ultraviolet thiab x-rays.
Daim ntawv thov
Cov tsom iav kho qhov muag tau dav siv rau kev tsim cov lo ntsiab muag, uas, dhau los, tau siv ntau lub tshuab kho qhov muag. Ib lub lens converging yog siv los ua lub iav tsom iav. Hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis, lo ntsiab muag yog ib qho tseem ceeb lossis tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuab xws li binoculars, optical sights, microscopes, theodolites, telescopes, as well as cameras and video equipment.
Kho qhov muag tsom iav tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kev xav tau ntawm ophthalmology, vim hais tias yog tsis muaj lawv nws yog ib qho nyuaj los yog tsis yooj yim sua kom kho qhov muag tsis pom kev (pob ntseg, astigmatism, farsightedness, kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev pab thiab lwm yam kab mob). Cov tsom iav tsom iav nrog diopters tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ob lub iav quartz thiab cov yas zoo.
Astronomy
tsom iav qhov muag yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab kim tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub tsom iav. Ntau tus hobbyists sib sau ua ke lawv tus kheej refractors, nws yuav tsum tau me ntsis, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub hom phiaj-convex iav lens.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua ua ntej kawg, nws siv sijhawm ntau xyoo los tsim ib lub lens muaj zog astronomical, lossis theej los txhuam nws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1982, lub taub hau ntawm University of Chicago, William Harper, mus cuag tus millionaire Charles Yerkes nrog rau kev thov nyiaj txiag rau lub soj ntsuam. Yerkes tau nqis peev txog peb puas txhiab daus las hauv nws, nrog plaub caug txhiab siv los yuav lub lens rau lub koob yees duab muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub chaw soj ntsuam tau muaj npe tom qab tus nyiaj txiag Yerkes, thiab txog rau tam sim no lub refractor nrog lub lens txoj kab uas hla ntawm 102.cm yog suav tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
Telescopes nrog txoj kab uas loj yog cov reflectors, nyob rau hauv uas daim iav yog lub teeb-sib sau keeb.
Muaj lwm hom lo ntsiab muag siv nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si astronomy thiab ophthalmology - iav nrog convex-concave nto, uas yog hu ua meniscus. Nws tuaj yeem yog ob hom: tawg thiab sau. Hauv qhov tawg meniscus, qhov kawg yog tuab dua li qhov nruab nrab, thiab hauv qhov sau meniscus, qhov nruab nrab yog nyias.
