Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas cov haiv neeg thaum ub ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua ntej pib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub ntawm lub sij hawm, tsuas yog tshwm sim tom qab lub glaciation kawg tas, thiab Neolithic era pib vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj zaug. kev ua liaj ua teb. Cov kab lis kev cai zoo li no muaj peev xwm nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv (ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm keeb kwm) kom lawv cov pej xeem nce ntau, vim tias lawv tau ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm thoob plaws ib puag ncig rau lawv cov kev coj ntawm haiv neeg.
Upper Paleolithic
Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias tsis muaj haiv neeg nyob hauv Upper Paleolithic, hu nws "Upper Paleolithic polymorphism" ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg. Anthropologist Drobyshevsky Stanislav ntseeg hais tias tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tsis yog hais tias haiv neeg cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg ntawm Upper Paleolithic tsis tau tag nrho tsim (los yog tsis tag nrho txawv). Qhov no yog vim tsis muaj ib pab pawg Upper Paleolithic muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo dua lwm pab pawg rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Yog li, muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov tsis ua tiav (lossis tsis tag nrhoDifferentiated) ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg, tab sis theej nws siab polymorphism (mosaic). Los ntawm polymorphism ntawm cov haiv neeg qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, cov haiv neeg niaj hnub no tau tshwm sim.
Ua ntej qhov no tshwm sim, cov neeg me ntawm Paleolithic cov neeg yos hav zoov-sawv cev, uas feem ntau nyob hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qee qhov lossis txawm tias ua tiav kev sib cais los ntawm ib leeg, siv cov txheej txheem tsis siv neeg ntawm cov noob caj noob ces, sau ntau yam hauv zos uas ntawm lawv tsis muaj tseeb. piav qhia ntawm ib pawg neeg twg uas yuav muaj cov cwj pwm tseeb.
Kev tsim ntawm haiv neeg qub
Hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis lees paub qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm ntau tus cwj pwm ntawm haiv neeg. Cov pej xeem uas yog lawv cov neeg nqa khoom tsuas yog muaj hmoo ntawm kev hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv lem, qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los sib sau ua ke thiab nthuav ib tug random txheej txheem.
Muaj peev xwm ua tau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem zoo li no tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj kab lis kev cai ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, uas tau tswj hwm kom nce lawv cov pej xeem nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv, thaum thawb rov qab pab pawg uas yog cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm lwm haiv neeg thaum ub los ze rau ntawm ciam teb ntau yam.
Roughly li no, cov haiv neeg uas feem ntau hu ua loj tau tsim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, dhau ntawm thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov haiv neeg qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg uas tau koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb, zoo ib yam "zeroing" ntawm haiv neeg tus yam ntxwv raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom.tsis muaj hom kev txhais.
Raws li qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov no yog kev khaws cia ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas Khab, Australian Aborigines, Khoisanoid South Africans, Melanesians thiab lwm pab pawg. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg ntawm no tias cov pab pawg no tsis yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm "protomorphic" (lossis "stagnant") hais txog kev hloov pauv ntawm pawg piv rau "kev sib tw zoo".
Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, hauv cov pab pawg nrog cov neeg coob uas nyob hauv thaj chaw anthropogenic, qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov cwj pwm poob qis, uas qhia txog kev nyiam rau kev txuag ntawm cov cwj pwm no, uas tsuas yog cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov hu ua hla kev yug me nyuam ntawm lub ntug dej hiav txwv.
Kev hloov pauv lom neeg nyob ntawm no mus rau qhov loj hloov mus rau kev txhim kho los ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sib raug zoo, thaum tsis nres txhua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov pej xeem me, uas raug cais tawm ntawm ib leeg, thaum hnov qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm kev xaiv ntuj tsim rau lawv, tau hloov pauv ntau dua, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm nrawm, ob qho tib si yoog raws thiab tsis sib xws thiab nruab nrab hauv kev cuam tshuam rau evolution.. Tib lub sijhawm, cov cwj pwm zoo li no tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov tsos.
Ntau txog cov paib
Yog li, lub cev loj heev, uas feem ntau hu ua robustness, ntawm Australian cov neeg hauv paus txawm yog qhov tau txais kev hloov pauv tsis ntev los no, uas, raws li, yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sim hloov mus rau kev ua neej nyob nyuaj, thiab tsis yog tag nrho. qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv cov archaism (los yog "protomorphism").
Tib lub sijhawm, archaeological cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tsis ntev los no qhia tau hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm kev nce loj hauv cov haiv neeg qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws tau ua tiav hauv kev coj ua ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog (gracefulness). Qhov no tshwm sim, feem ntau yuav, vim yog kev vam meej hauv kev sib raug zoo lossis kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua neej nyob kom yooj yim dua.
Tib lub sijhawm, European Australians pom tsis muaj cov cim qhia txog kev hloov pauv mus rau ib puag ncig uas lawv nyob, txawm tias yav tom ntej. Qhov no tshwm sim vim lawv nyob ib puag ncig lawv tus kheej nrog kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis, yog li hais, qhov thib ob, uas muab lub sijhawm rau kev muaj nyob hauv Australia rau ib tus neeg uas tsis zoo rau cov xwm txheej no.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev hloov pauv
Hais txog kev hloov pauv, European Australians yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws (lossis "protomorphic") cuam tshuam rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws, uas tsis ntev los no nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas ntawm keeb kwm tau txais tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus. evolution.
Hauv qhov no, nws tsis tas yuav tsa lub luag haujlwm ntawm thev naus laus zis mus rau qhov tseeb. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, muaj cov kev soj ntsuam uas tso cai rau peb los saib xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev xaiv ntuj tsim rau ib pab pawg neeg niaj hnub no uas tau koom nrog txoj kev kawm ntawm Far North nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
Lub neej ntawm ib tiam neeg, yuav luag txhua tus neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas tsis hloov mus rau qhov kev nyob nyuaj nyob rau sab qaum teb qaum teb rov qab los rau lawv qhov chaw nyob. Nyob rau lub sij hawm thaum tshuav nyob rau hauv hnyavCov xwm txheej, tsuas yog cov neeg uas muaj kev hloov pauv rau cov xwm txheej zoo li no, uas yog, qee yam ntawm lub cev, nrog rau cov metabolism, uas tso cai rau nws hloov mus rau qhov ntsuas txias txias.
Qhov tseeb nthuav ntawm no yog qhov zoo tib yam ntawm cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tau zoo tau pom nyob hauv cov neeg hauv paus txawm ib yam nkaus. Yog hais tias cov conquerors ntawm sab qaum teb tau bred sab nraum lawv pab pawg neeg thiab raug rau qhov hnyav ntawm kev xaiv ntuj, raws li feem ntau tau pom thaum tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg thaum ub, cov pab pawg no yuav muaj kev ruaj khov ntawm cov cwj pwm rau kev hloov mus rau qhov kub tsis tshua muaj siab tom qab ob peb. tiam.
haiv neeg twg yog ancient
Cov noob caj noob ces ntawm peb lub sijhawm muaj peev xwm ua qhov kev xav tias cov haiv neeg uas twb muaj lawm tam sim no tsis ua tiav tag nrho cov morphological thiab keeb kwm ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov txiv neej niaj hnub no. Thiab tseem hais tias qhov qub tshaj plaws tau ploj mus yam tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev, lossis nws cov cim qhia tau plam tom qab thaum sib xyaw nrog lwm haiv neeg.
Ntawm lo lus nug ntawm haiv neeg twg yog haiv neeg qub tshaj plaws, ethnologist V. Napolskikh tau hais tias ib qho ntawm cov no ua ntej pib lub sijhawm yog haiv neeg Paleoural. Tam sim no, cov cim qhia ntawm nws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb yog qhov muag tsis pom ntawm Mongoloids los ntawm sab hnub poob thiab Caucasoid Ural-Siberian haiv neeg. Tib lub sijhawm, nws cov cwj pwm tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm Mongoloids lossis Caucasoids feem ntau.
Upper Paleolithic yam
Stanislav Drobyshevsky (tus kws tshawb fawb-anthropologist) ua qhov qhia tias tib neegLub Upper Paleolithic morphological ntau haiv neeg tej zaum yuav hais tau ntau tshaj li niaj hnub no, thiab hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los mus txiav txim qhov tseeb ntawm tib neeg pob txha taub hau ntawm lub sij hawm uas siv cov niaj hnub kev faib ntawm haiv neeg. Kev koom nrog rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb lossis thaj chaw thaj chaw kuj tsis qhia.
Tshwj xeeb, Drobyshevsky, raws li kev tshawb pom hauv Tebchaws Europe, muab cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov haiv neeg qub hauv ntiaj teb no lossis hom morphological uas txawv los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv sib txawv. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm ib lub pob txha taub hau:
- Solutrean;
- Brunn-Przhedmostskiy;
- Aurignacian;
- Oberkassel;
- Brunnese;
- Barma Grande;
- chancelade;
- Cro-Magnon;
- Grimaldian.
Nws tau sau tseg tias tib lub sijhawm hauv Middle East tau muaj kev vam meej ntawm Inatufians thiab Pre-Natufians, uas txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm proto-Caucasians, qee zaum nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm Negroids. Txawm hais tias cov Natufians txawv ntawm Afalui Tafor alt pawg ntawm North Africa.
Ntawm cov kev tshawb pom nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Africa, hom Negroid (ntau npaum li cas loj dua piv rau niaj hnub), Ethiopian, thiab Bushmen tau pom qhov txawv.
Pob txha taub hau ntawm Upper Paleolithic los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Indonesia, Tuam Tshoj thiab cov teb chaws Es Xias Qab Teb feem ntau tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm Mongoloid, thaum muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov equatorials ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Lawv feem ntau muab faib ua "Australo-Melanesian hom" lossis "Proto-Australoids".
Ntau qhov kev tshawb pom hauv cheeb tsam tsis tau piav qhia nrog thev naus laus zisKev faib tawm niaj hnub ntawm haiv neeg, thaum muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm Mongoloids los ntawm sab qab teb, nrog rau Ainu, Australoids, Jomon (los yog Emon), classical Indians thiab lwm pab pawg.
Ntxhais neeg sib txawv
Thaum koom ua pawg hauv cov pej xeem uas muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv uas txawv ntawm lwm tus, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ua los ntawm kev sib cais hauv thaj chaw. Qhov kev sib cais no tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov haiv neeg thaum ub hauv ntiaj teb, raws li txoj cai, los ntawm qhov deb loj heev thiab cov neeg tsawg tsawg hauv pawg.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov pab pawg no lossis nce ntawm cov neeg hauv lawv yog kev sib cuag ntawm cov pejxeem thiab, vim li ntawd, lub cev sib xyaw ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv lossis, raws li nws hu ua, miscegenation. Vim qhov no miscegenation, anthropologically mixed hom tshwm sim, uas yog, me me haiv neeg. Cov no suav nrog Polynesian, Sab Qab Teb Siberian thiab lwm yam.
Txhua haiv neeg feem coob muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov xeeb ntxwv loj. Txawm tias cov neeg uas nyob ib leeg nyob ib leeg (Native Americans los yog Aboriginal Australians) tsis muaj txaus centuries ntawm kev sib cais ua ntej yuav ua biologically incompatible nrog lwm pab pawg.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm miscegenation
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm miscegenation feem ntau yog cov neeg uas muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm cov cwj pwm ntawm haiv neeg. Hauv thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw nyob sib ze, qhov tshwm sim yog tag nrho cov haiv neeg sib xyaw uas muaj cov cwj pwm zoo sib xws ntawm cov pej xeem.
Yog li, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw Caucasoid thiab Negroid haiv neeg yog mulattoes, thiab Mongoloid thiabCaucasoid - mestizos. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog mestizos mus rau ib tug degree los yog lwm yam. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov neeg ntawm South thiab Central America.
Tam sim no, ib qho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm haiv neeg hauv cov pab pawg mestizo ua rau nws tuaj yeem saib lawv li cov haiv neeg me me uas nyob hauv lawv lub sijhawm tsim.
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb twb tau ua tiav lawm, uas tau pom qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj kev phom sij rau lub cev rau cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob haiv neeg. Thiab tag nrho vim lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb yog qhov tshwm sim tsis ntev los no. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau hu mus tas li nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm keeb kwm.
Kev poob ntawm Ancient Civilizations
Lub Mayan kev vam meej uas muaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm pib txog plaub txhiab xyoo dhau los nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam uas Guatemala, Honduras thiab Mexico nyob tam sim no. Txij li thaum 900 AD, cov neeg Mayan pib poob qis, thiab cov nroog ntawm kev vam meej no pib khoob, thiab tsis muaj leej twg paub vim li cas.
Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no muaj ntau yam uas suav tias yog cov tseem ceeb, yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj kev vam meej zoo li Maya, uas tau tsim lawv tus kheej daim ntawv qhia hnub thiab sau ntawv, uas tau paub txog kev tshawb fawb xws li lej, architecture thiab astronomy, ploj mus sai heev..
Yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj
Ib qho ntawm cov kev xav hais tias lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev kub ntxhov uas dhau los ntawm Central America nyob ib ncig ntawm 900 AD yog qhov laj thawj rau kev ploj mus ntawm kev vam meej zoo nkauj. Txoj kev xav yognrhiav tau tom qab kawm cov qauv sediment los ntawm ib lub pas dej qub tshaj plaws hauv Mexico. Cov lus xaus tau ua los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm University of Florida thiab Cambridge.
Cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Russia pom zoo tias nws yog qhov ua kom puas tsuaj Mayan kev vam meej los ntawm nws lub xeev. Lawv ntseeg hais tias cov neeg, vim lub caij ntuj qhuav ntev, tau ntxeev siab tawm tsam cov pov thawj uas tuav txoj haujlwm, vim tias yav tas los tseem tsis tau "hu" los nag. Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias vim li no, kev vam meej tau ploj mus nyob rau ob peb xyoos xwb.
Tseem muaj ib txoj kev xav tias av qeeg tsis tu ncua ua rau Maya tuag. Lwm txoj kev xav ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg Maya hais tias qhov ua rau lub cev qhuav dej yog kev tsov kev rog uas tau tshwm sim ntau zaus thaum lub sijhawm tsis muaj hmoo, nrog rau kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv hauv tebchaws.
Caribbean drought
Nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev sim nrhiav seb yog vim li cas rau kev ploj tuag ntawm cov haiv neeg laus tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb hauv Caribbean, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb xyuas tob ntawm cov av hauv qab ntawm lub pas dej hu ua Chichankanab, uas nyob rau sab qaum teb. ib feem ntawm Yucatan Peninsula.
Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, cov kws tshaj lij muaj txoj haujlwm los ntawm kev kawm cov isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm dej. Qhov no yog vim thaum lub caij ntuj qhuav, cov dej molecules txuas nrog cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm pob zeb.
Tus kws tshawb fawb npe hu ua Nick Evans piav qhia tias cov isotopes hnyav dua evaporate qeeb dua. Vim li no, lawv cov feem pua ntawm cov sediments feem ntau qhia tau hais tias thaum lub sij hawm kawm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, thaj av no tau tswj hwm los ntawm drought.
Nws tig tawmtias nyob ib ncig ntawm 900 AD, nag lossis daus tsawg dua li ib xyoos. Thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau dua, cov nuj nqis no tau nce mus txog 70%, txawm hais tias qhov txheeb ze av noo ntawm huab cua tau qis dua peb lub sijhawm.
