Thaum lo lus "chameleon" lossis "octopus" tam sim ntawd tshwm sim ib qho kev koom tes nrog cov xim ci uas hloov ib leeg. Cov nplooj ntsuab thiab cov nyom, muaj yeeb yuj paj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntau yam xim ntawm cov ntses thoob dej yug ntses thiab cov xim zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsiaj. Tag nrho cov no yog lub ntiaj teb uas nyob ib puag ncig peb. Cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob tshuav qhov no ntau xim rau cov qauv cellular tshwj xeeb - chromatophores. Dab tsi yog cov qauv txawv txawv, lawv txoj haujlwm yog dab tsi thiab lawv ua haujlwm li cas - kab lus no yog hais txog qhov no.
Cov khoom muaj xim
No yog lo lus "chromatophores" txhais li cas. Dab tsi yog cov khoom no, nws tsim nyog piav qhia raws li ntau pawg ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Nyob rau hauv crustaceans, mollusks, ntses, amphibians, cov tsiaj reptiles, cov no yog lub teeb-reflecting hlwb thiab hlwb uas muaj xim. Lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov xim ntawm lub qhov muag thiab tawv nqaij thiab tsuas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm embryogenesis hauv neural crest. Tom qabThaum lub sij hawm ripening, lawv kis thoob plaws hauv lub cev. Los ntawm cov xim dawb, lawv muab faib ua cantophores (daj), erythrophores (liab), iridophores (ci), leucophores (dawb), melanophores (dub los yog xim av). Cov qauv ntawm chromatophore txawv rau ntau pawg, thiab peb yuav rov qab mus rau qhov teeb meem hauv qab no.
YPhotosynthetic plastids
Dab tsi yog algal chromatophores? Cov no yog ib leeg-membrane organelles ntawm xim av thiab ntsuab algae, ribbon los yog lub hnub qub zoo li, muaj xim granules (chlorophylls thiab carotenoids). Hauv cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, cov no yog cov kab mob tsis muaj kab mob ntawm ntau yam duab thiab lub hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, chlamydomonas chromatophore yog sawv cev los ntawm chloroplast hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub khob (cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab khaws cia hauv nws) nrog lub cev xim liab uas muaj hematochrome (xim liab). Ua tsaug rau nws, qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws no muaj peev xwm nkag siab lub teeb. Nyob rau hauv unicellular alga Chlorella, lub chromatophore yog sawv cev los ntawm granules ntawm chlorophyll-a thiab chlorophyll-b, floating nyob rau hauv coob nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, cov alga no ua tau zoo tshaj plaws photosynthesis los ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov peev txheej. Yog li, rau protozoa thiab unicellular algae, nws yog yam ntxwv uas, ntxiv rau cov photosynthetic muaj nuj nqi ntawm chromatophore, nws yog cia thiab photosensitive. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias chromatophores ntawm algae txawv ntawm chloroplasts ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua hauv cov qauv yooj yim thiab lwm hom chlorophyll (cov xim ntsuab nrog cov magnesium complex).
Pigmented tsiaj cells
UTib neeg thiab ntau tus tsiaj muaj cov hlwb uas tsuas muaj ib qho xim, melatonin. Cov hlwb no muaj nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, ntaub plaub, plaub hau thiab plaub, nyob rau hauv lub iris thiab retina ntawm lub qhov muag. Xim saturation nyob ntawm concentration. Cov hlwb no hu ua chromatocytes, lawv tsim thoob plaws hauv lub neej ntawm lub cev thiab tuaj yeem yog ib hom - melanocytes.
haujlwm tshwj xeeb
Dab tsi yog chromatophores? Lub tswv yim ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau lawv cov kev faib tawm, tau tsim nyob rau hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tshaj plaws hauv biochemistry tsis tau hloov cov kev cai no, tab sis tau qhia meej txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Muaj ob hom chromatophores: biochromes thiab chemochromes. Thawj yog muaj tseeb (tiag) pigments - carotenoids (ntau yam derivatives ntawm carotene) thiab pteridines. Lawv nqus ib feem ntawm lub teeb pom kev thiab cuam tshuam rau lwm qhov. Cov xim xim (chemochromes) tsim cov xim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam lossis tawg (saib ntawm ib lub wavelength thiab kis ntawm lwm lub wavelength).
Kev faib tawm xim
Kev faib ntawm chromatophore los ntawm cov xim yog qhov zoo. Thiab yog vim li cas. Xanthophores thiab erythrophores tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv tib lub cell, thiab tom qab ntawd nws cov xim yuav nyob ntawm seb cov xim daj thiab xim liab. Iridophores yog chemochromes uas muaj cov muaju ntawm guanine. Nws yog cov muaju uas qhia txog lub teeb thiab muab cov xim iridescent. Zumellanin melanophore yog lub teeb heev nqus thiab ua rau cov xim dub thiab xim av.
Lub luag haujlwm lom neeg ntawm cov pigments
Melanin yog cov xim ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom muaj siakab mob - vim yog nqus ntawm lub teeb, nws ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog cell. Nws tsis kis ultraviolet rays mus rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg sab hauv los ntawm hluav taws xob puas. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm pigment nyob rau hauv lub mechanisms ntawm adaptability ntawm cov kab mob nyob tsis tau underestimated. Txhua tus paub tias chromatophore yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm pollinating kab thiab nroj tsuag pollinated los ntawm lawv. Lub cev xim ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab, taug qab cov tsiaj nyeg, ceeb toom txog kev phom sij, thiab tus cwj pwm kev loj hlob. Chlorophyll, bacteriorhodopsin yog cov pigments photosynthetic, thiab hemoglobin thiab hemocyanin yog cov pa chromogens.
Txoj kev hloov pauv
Qhov tshwm sim nthuav thiab tsis meej yog qhov hloov xim ntawm qee tus tsiaj. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua physiological xim hloov. Cov txheej txheem no yog qhov nyuaj thiab txuas ntxiv ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb xav tsis thoob. Muaj ob peb tus neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau yam phylogenetic ceg tau txais qhov peev xwm no nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm evolution. Chameleons thiab cephalopods (octopuses thiab cuttlefish) yog cov kab mob nyob deb ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv lub evolutionary ntaiv ntawm lub neej, tab sis cov thawj coj undisputed nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm feem ntau "hloov tau". Qhov no yog qhov xav tsis thoob, tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lawv cov chromatophores yog tib yam.
Yuav ua li cas
Qee cephalopods, arthropods, crustaceans, ntses, amphibians thiab cov tsiaj reptiles muaj cov hlwb uas elastic zoo li roj hmab hauv qab lawv daim tawv nqaij. Lawv chromatophores muaj daim nyias nyias thiab muaj cov xim pleev xim, zoo li cov xim dej. Txhua lub cell ntawm so yogib pob, thiab thaum zoo siab, ib tug disk stretched los ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm dilators nqaij (dilators). Lawv ncab cov chromatophore, nce nws thaj chaw ntau zaus, qee zaum rau caum zaus. Thiab lawv ua sai sai - hauv ib nrab thib ob. Hauv chromatophores, pigment nplej tuaj yeem nyob hauv nruab nrab lossis tawg thoob plaws hauv lub cell, lawv tuaj yeem muaj ntau lossis tsawg. Txhua lub dilator txuas nrog cov hlab ntsha mus rau cov lus txib - tus tsiaj lub hlwb. Kev hloov xim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ob pawg ntawm yam: physiological (hloov ntawm ib puag ncig yam lossis mob) thiab kev xav. Ntshai, aggression, sympathy rau cov opposite pw ua niam txiv thiab mob siab rau - tag nrho cov kev xav no hloov xim ntawm tus tsiaj.
txheej txheem Cytology
Thaum tus tsiaj so, tag nrho cov pigment nplej nyob hauv nruab nrab thiab daim tawv nqaij ua teeb (dawb lossis daj). Nws yog lub iav frosted no uas zoo li lub cuttlefish nrog ib qho chaw dub ntawm lub hnab ntawv. Thaum cov xim tsaus yog nyob rau hauv cov ceg ntawm chromatophore, daim tawv nqaij yuav tsaus. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov xim ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg sib txawv thiab muab tag nrho cov duab ntxoov ntxoo. Cov xim ntsuab thiab xiav tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb hauv guanidine crystals nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Cov xim ntawm daim tawv nqaij tuaj yeem hloov pauv sai thiab coj tag nrho lub cev lossis ib feem ntawm nws, qee zaum tsim cov qauv txawv txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov chromatophores lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem nqis los rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm daim tawv nqaij lossis nce mus rau saum npoo.
Tus thawj coj - ob lub qhov muag
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev pom thiabxim hloov. Lub teeb los ntawm lub cev ntawm lub zeem muag cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb, thiab nws muab cov cim rau chromatophores. Qee qhov yog ncab, lwm tus tau cog lus, thiab tib lub sijhawm, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov xim npog ntsej muag tau tiav. Interestingly, txawm lub qhov muag tsis pom octopus tuaj yeem hloov xim - nws kuj pom cov xim nrog cov suckers, thiab yog tias tsawg kawg yog ib qho, cov pos nphuab yuav hloov xim. Nws yog amazing dab tsi txawv txawv txawv nws muaj peev xwm rov hais dua ntawm nws lub cev. Muaj pov thawj tias tus octopus muaj peev xwm rov tsim cov ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm hauv vib nas this, uas nyob ib sab ntawm lub thoob dej yug ntses. Thiab nws zoo li mysticism.
Qee qhov tseeb
Ntxiv rau qhov muaj peev xwm zoo kawg nkaus ntawm octopuses thiab chameleons hloov xim, lawv kuj muaj ob peb yam zoo kawg nkaus uas koj tsis paub txog.
Lub hlwb ntawm tus octopus yog qhov tsim kho tshaj plaws ntawm cov pob txha tsis muaj zog. Qhov loj tshaj plaws octopus hnyav 180 kilograms. Nws yog 8 meters ntev (ntaus xyoo 1945). Qee tus octopuses tuaj yeem taug kev hauv av siv lawv cov tentacles.
Ib tug tsiaj muaj tshuaj lom tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb no yog ib tug neeg nyob tob tob hauv dej hiav txwv Indian. Tom qab nws tom, ib tug neeg tuag nyob rau hauv 1.5 teev. Thiab tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab mob.
Cov chameleon me tshaj plaws, Madagascar Brookesia, yog qhov loj tshaj 3 centimeters, thaum loj tshaj, Malagasy, loj hlob mus txog 70 centimeters nyob rau hauv ntev. Lawv xyaum lag ntseg, tab sis yuav pom cov kab me tshaj plaws ntawm qhov deb ntawm 10 meters. Lub kaum sab xis ntawm lawv lub zeem muag yog 360 degrees, thiab txhua lub qhov muag pom nws tus kheej daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
