Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav xav txog kev npaj ntawm cycloalkanes thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov qauv. Cia peb sim piav qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom no, raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov qauv.
qauv
Pib nrog, cia peb txheeb xyuas cov qauv ntawm cov npe npe ntawm cov organic hydrocarbons. Tag nrho cov cyclic compounds muab faib ua heterocyclic thiab carbocyclic hom.
Pab pawg thib ob muaj peb cov pa roj carbon atom hauv lub voj voog kaw. Heterocyclic compounds, ntxiv rau carbon, kuj muaj cov atoms ntawm sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus, thiab nitrogen nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules.
Muaj kev faib cov carbocyclic compounds rau hauv cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab alicyclic.
Alicyclic tshuaj
Cov no suav nrog cycloalkanes. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj no tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov qauv kaw ntawm chav kawm ntawm hydrocarbons.
Cov tshuaj Alicyclic yog cov uas muaj ib lossis ntau lub voj voog uas tsis muaj ntxhiab. Kev npaj thiab kev siv ntawm cycloalkanes yog xam raws li lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo rau alicyclic compounds.
Kev faib tawm
Tus neeg sawv cev yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm chav kawm nohydrocarbon yog cyclopropane. Nws tsuas muaj peb carbon atoms hauv nws cov qauv. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no homologous series kuj hu ua paraffins. Hais txog lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev, lawv zoo ib yam li cov saturated hydrocarbons. Molecules muaj ib daim ntawv cog lus tsim los ntawm hybrid orbitals. Hauv cycloalkanes, hom hybridization yog sp3.
Tag nrho cov chav kawm yog qhia los ntawm cov mis СНН2н. Cov tebchaw no yog interclass isomers ntawm ethylene hydrocarbons.
Raws li niaj hnub thoob ntiaj teb kev hloov pauv nomenclature, thaum naming cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm no, cov lus ua ntej "cyclo" yog ntxiv rau cov hydrocarbon sib xws ntawm cov atoms. Hauv qhov no, piv txwv li, cyclohexane, cyclopentane tau txais. Lub npe rational nomenclature muab cov npe raws li tus naj npawb ntawm pawg methylene kaw CH2. Vim li no, cyclopropane yuav hu ua trimethylene, thiab cyclobutane - tetramethylene.
chav kawm ntawm cov organic tshuaj no yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv isomerism hais txog cov pa roj carbon atoms hauv lub voj voog, nrog rau kev kho qhov muag isomerism.
xaiv kev kawm
Tam sim no cia saib seb qhov txais tau ua haujlwm li cas. Cycloalkanes tuaj yeem tau txais ntau txoj hauv kev, nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv twg tau xaiv los ua cov tshuaj hloov pauv. Peb yuav txheeb xyuas cov kev xaiv tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas ntawm paraffins.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj li tau txais lawv? Cycloalkanes yog tsim los ntawm cyclization ntawm diahalogen derivatives ntawm saturated hydrocarbons. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshuaj lom neeg zoo sib xws,plaub- thiab peb-tus tswv cuab cycles. Piv txwv li, cyclopropane. Cia peb xav txog nws qhov kev npaj ua kom ntxaws ntxiv - cycloalkanes, uas yog thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm homologous series, yog tsim los ntawm kev ua ntawm hlau magnesium los yog zinc ntawm dihalogen derivative ntawm cov sib thooj alkane.
Thiab yuav ua li cas muaj tsib-tus tswvcuab thiab rau-tus tswvcuab cyclic compounds, lawv tau txais li cas? Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los tsim cycloalkanes nrog xws li cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv cov qauv, vim hais tias ntawm conformation yuav muaj teeb meem nrog lub cyclization ntawm lub molecule. Qhov tshwm sim no tau piav qhia los ntawm kev hloov pauv dawb hauv C-C daim ntawv cog lus, uas txo qis qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tau txais ib lub voj voog sib txuas. Rau kev tsim ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cycloalkanes, 1, 2- lossis 1, 3-dihalogen derivatives ntawm cov khoom sib thooj alkane ua cov khoom pib.
Ntawm cov txheej txheem rau kev sib txuas ntawm paraffins, peb kuj tseem qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm decarboxylation ntawm dicarboxylic acids thiab ntsev. Tsib-thiab rau-tus tswvcuab cycloalkanes tau txais los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke.
Thiab ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv tsim, peb nco ntsoov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm alkenes thiab carbenes, txo qis ntawm oxygen-muaj derivatives ntawm cyclocompounds.
tshuaj muaj zog
Txhua txoj hauv kev tau txais cycloalkanes thiab lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov peculiarities ntawm cov qauv tshuaj. Muab lub xub ntiag ntawm cov qauv cyclic, ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cycloalkanes, peb ib leeg tawm cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm hydrogen ntxiv (hydrogenation), nws tshem tawm (dehydrogenation).
Rau cov tshuaj tiv thaivib tug catalyst yog siv, nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov platinum, palladium yuav ua tau. Kev sib cuam tshuam yog nqa tawm ntawm qhov kub siab, nws tus nqi nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub voj voog. Thaum lub cyclic hydrocarbon molecule raug UV hluav taws xob, cov tshuaj chlorination (ntxiv cov tshuaj chlorine) tuaj yeem ua tau.
Zoo li txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov organic tebchaw, cycloalkane tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv combustion, tsim tom qab kev sib cuam tshuam carbon dioxide, dej vapor. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog hais txog cov txheej txheem exothermic, raws li nws tau nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm cov cua sov txaus.
Zoo kawg
Paraffins yog kaw cov hydrocarbon tebchaw tsim los ntawm dihalogenated alkanes lossis lwm cov organic tebchaw. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov qauv txiav txim siab cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cycloalkanes thiab lawv thaj chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov. Lawv feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov organic synthesis kom tau oxygen-muaj cov organic tshuaj.
