roob sib txawv: laus thiab hluas, pob zeb thiab maj mam nqes hav, domed thiab peaked. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog them nrog hav zoov tuab, lwm tus - nrog lifeless pob zeb placers. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav tham txog lawv qhov siab. Lub roob twg nruab nrab thiab qhov twg yog qhov siab?
roob as landform
Ua ntej tshaj, nws tsim nyog teb cov lus nug ntawm lub roob yog dab tsi. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo landform, characterized los ntawm ib tug ntse thiab cais uplift ntawm struts. Hauv txhua qhov kev tu siab, peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb pom tau meej:
- top;
- ko taw;
- slope.
Txhua lub roob ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis ib qho kev nyuaj ntawm kwj ha (kev nyuaj siab) thiab ridges, muaj ntau ntau tus neeg ncov. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog sab nraud manifestations ntawm lub internal (endogenous) rog ntawm lub ntiaj teb - tectonic txav ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust thiab volcanism.
roob tsim cov toj roob hauv pes zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Lawv txawv los ntawm peculiar av npog, cim flora thiab fauna. Tab sis tib neeg nyob rau hauv lub roob siab heev reluctantly. Raws li kev txheeb cais, kwv yees li 50%ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov pejxeem nyob ntawm qhov siab tsis tshaj 200 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem.
Kev faib cov roob hauv geomorphology. Roob nruab nrab, qis thiab siab
Nyob rau hauv geomorphological science, roob feem ntau yog cais raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov yam ntxwv: los ntawm hnub nyoog, qhov siab, thaj chaw nyob, genesis, zoo li ncov, thiab lwm yam.
Los ntawm lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb lawv tuaj yeem ua tectonic, denudation lossis volcanic, los ntawm hnub nyoog - laus lossis hluas. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub roob no suav hais tias yog cov hluas, lub sijhawm tsim ntawm uas tsis tshaj 50 lab xyoo. Los ntawm geological qauv, qhov no yog ib tug hluas heev.
Raws li cov duab ntawm lawv sab saum toj, roob yog:
- spike;
- domed;
- platform ("chaw noj mov").
Geographers paub cov roob los ntawm qhov siab saum hiav txwv:
- low;
- medium;
- siab.
Qee zaum hauv cov ntaub ntawv koj tuaj yeem pom cov hom nruab nrab siab-siab, piv txwv li, nruab nrab-siab lossis nruab nrab-tsawg roob. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tam sim ntawd tias cov roob ntawm qhov siab nruab nrab tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv txhua qhov ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm lawv nyob hauv Europe thiab Asia.
roob nruab nrab: piv txwv thiab qhov siab
8848 meters - lub cim no tau mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb - Chomolungma, lossis Everest. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov roob nruab nrab yog qhov qis dua: los ntawm 1 txog 3 km saum toj no hiav txwv theem.
Cov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov roob no yog Carpathians, Appalachians, Tatras, Apennines, Pyrenees, Scandinavian thiab Dragon Roob, Australian Alps, Stara Planina. Muaj cov roob nruab nrab thiab hauv Russia. Cov no yog cov roob Ural, Eastern Sayan, Kuznetsk Alatau, Sikhote-Alin (daim duab hauv qab no) thiab lwm yam.
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov roob nruab nrab yog qhov pom ntawm altitudinal zonation. Ntawd yog, cov nroj tsuag thiab toj roob hauv pes ntawm no hloov nrog qhov siab.
Carpathians
Carpathians yog lub roob loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, hla yim lub tebchaws. Linguists, piav qhia lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm nws lub npe, tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias lub toponym no muaj Proto-Indo-European cov hauv paus hniav thiab muab txhais ua "pob zeb", "pob zeb".
Cov Carpathians ncav cuag ib thiab ib nrab txhiab kilometers, los ntawm Czech koom pheej mus rau Serbia. Thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub roob no nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Slovakia (roob Gerlakhovski-Shtit, 2654 m). Qhov tseeb nthuav: nruab nrab ntawm lub Alps thiab huab cua sab hnub tuaj ntawm Carpathians - tsuas yog 15 mais.
Carpathians yog cov roob hluas. Lawv tsim nyob rau hauv lub Cenozoic. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov txheej txheem yog du, maj mam, uas yog ntau dua rau cov qauv geological qub. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias Carpathians feem ntau muaj cov pob zeb mos (chalk, limestone thiab av nplaum).
Lub roob no tau muab faib ua peb ntu: Western, Eastern (lossis Ukrainian) thiab Southern Carpathians. Nws kuj suav nrog Transylvanian Plateau. Lub roob Carpathian yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov siab seismicity. Qhov chaw hu ua Vrancea nyob ntawm no, uas "tsim" av qeeg nrog qhov loj ntawm 7-8 ntsiab lus.
Appalachians
Geomorphologists feem ntau hu cov Appalachians ib tus ntxaib zoo tib yam ntawm Carpathians. Los ntawm sab nraudlawv saib me ntsis txawv ntawm ib leeg. Lub roob Appalachian nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm North America, nyob rau hauv ob lub xeev (USA thiab Canada). Lawv ncab ntawm Gulf of St. Lawrence mus rau Gulf of Mexico nyob rau sab qab teb. Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm lub roob yog li 2500 km.
Yog tias European Carpathians yog cov roob hluas, ces Asmeskas Appalachians yog cov khoom ntawm Hercynian thiab Caledonian foldings ua ntej. Lawv tsim ib ncig 200-400 lab xyoo dhau los.
Cov Appalachians yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam minerals. Coal, asbestos, roj, hlau ore yog mined ntawm no. Hais txog qhov no, thaj av roob no kuj tseem hu ua keeb kwm "kev lag luam txoj siv sia" ntawm Tebchaws Meskas.
Australian Alps
Nws hloov tawm tias Alps tsis yog nyob hauv Europe xwb. Cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av me tshaj plaws thiab qhuav tshaj plaws kuj tuaj yeem mus hiking hauv lub Alps tiag. Tab sis tsuas yog hauv Australian xwb!
Lub roob no nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm sab av loj. Nws nyob ntawm no tias qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho ntawm Australia yog nyob - Mount Kosciuszko (2228 m). Thiab nyob rau qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm cov roob no, tus dej ntev tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv mainland, Murray, originates.
Australian Alps muaj ntau haiv neeg zoo kawg li ntawm toj roob hauv pes. Nyob rau hauv cov roob no koj tuaj yeem ntsib snow-capped peaks, thiab tob ntsuab hav, thiab pas dej nrog cov dej ntshiab tshaj plaws. Cov toj roob hauv pes yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov pob zeb txawv txawv. Lub Australian Alps yog lub tsev rau ntau qhov chaw ua si hauv tebchaws thiab chaw caij ski zoo heev.
Bxaus
Tam sim no koj paub tias lub roob twg nruab nrab thiab qhov twg siab. Geomorphologists paub qhov txawv peb hom roob kab raws li qhov siab. Cov roob nruab nrab muaj qhov siab ntawm 1000 txog 3000 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Cov Carpathians, Appalachians, Australian Alps yog cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov roob hauv ntiaj teb no.
