Nyob hauv lawv cov lus, tib neeg siv ntau hom kev hais lus, nyob ntawm lub zej zog uas lawv yuav tsum sib txuas lus. Yog vim li cas thiaj yuav tsum tau siv ntau hom kev hais lus.
kev hais lus yog dab tsi?
Kev hais lus yog ib txoj hauv kev ntawm kev hais lus thiab txhais tau tias ntawm lub koom haum uas muaj keeb kwm tsim thiab siv nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm tib neeg kev sib txuas lus, nws lub neej kev sib raug zoo: lub ntsej muag ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev ua yeeb yam, kev tshawb fawb, kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo., kev ntxhov siab thiab kev ua haujlwm loj, kev sib txuas lus hauv tsev. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov nram qab no style ntawm kev hais lus yog txawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus: artistic, scientific, colloquial, journalistic thiab official lag luam. Hauv qhov no, txhua tus cwj pwm, tshwj tsis yog hais lus, raug suav hais tias yog bookish.
Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav txiav txim siab txhua yam kev hais lus, nrog rau kev mloog tshwj xeeb rau cov qauv kev tshawb fawb, uas yog siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, phau ntawv, cov lus hais hauv cov rooj sib tham. Cov qauv kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau siv cov kev cai nruj dua li lwm tus, vim nws yuav tsum tau siv cov ntsiab lus siv tau rau hauv qhov nqaim ntawm kev paub. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsim nyog them sai sai mus rau lub scientific style ntawm kev hais lus. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv yuav pab koj nkag siab ntau ntxiv.
Txoj kev hais lus zoo
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau hom kev hais lus yog qhov ncaj ncees los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus, nrog rau nws cov hom phiaj ntawm kev sib txuas lus, uas yog, kev sib txuas lus. Nws yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib txuas lus uas feem ntau dictate lawv tus kheej txoj cai rau xaiv ib tug style nyob rau hauv ib tug muab.
Txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev hais lus muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv, muaj nws tus kheej lexical voj voog, nrog rau nws tus kheej syntactic qauv, uas yuav tsum tau paub txog qee yam ntawm txhua hom. Yog li ntawd, txhua yam ntawm cov style muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm nws tus yam ntxwv. Cov piv txwv thiab cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv yuav pab ua kom pom txhua yam kev hais lus.
Kev lag luam style tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm cov lus tshaj lij, cov ntsiab lus meej ntawm cov lus thiab cov kab lus siv, kuj yog vim cov lus clichéd txhais tau tias. Piv txwv li: Kuv, Alevtina Vladlenovna Mironova, kuv thov rau lwm lub caij so.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau xov xwm yog nws qhov kev nthuav qhia thiab kev qhia. Piv txwv li: Kev tshawb pom zoo kawg! Taras los ntawm lub zos me me ntawm Matroskino tau tsim cov tshuaj uas ua rau qaib nteg qe nyiaj!
Cov txuj ci zoo nkauj yog qhov nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv ntau haiv neeg ntawm txhua hom lus, hauv cov style no siv ntau yam lus piav qhia thiab kab lus txhawb kom tsim cov duab zoo nkauj thiab nco tau. Cov style no enriches peb cov lus thiabpab kom nkag siab ntau ntxiv txog qhov uas tau sau rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab, kom xav thiab paub txhua yam. Piv txwv li: Zaum ntawm lub sam thiaj ntawm nws lub tsev, nws pom tias muaj ib tug neeg pib mus txog ntawm lub tshav puam. Nws nkag siab tias qhov no yog rov qab los ntawm nws tus hlub, uas nws tau tos ntau xyoo.
Kev sib tham style txawv ntawm lwm tus hauv nws qhov yooj yim thiab tsis npaj txhij. Piv txwv li: Nyob zoo! Xav txog, nag hmo kuv mus rau ib lub party thiab ntsib Pashka nyob ntawd. Qhov kuv tau qhia rau nej txhua hli!
Kev siv cov lus sib tham thiab cov lus sib tham, lexical heterogeneity, yooj yim syntax, kev siv lub ntsej muag, gestures, kev ntsuam xyuas lub siab lub ntsws ntawm qhov tshwm sim - tag nrho cov nta no qhia ib tug colloquial style ntawm kev hais lus.
Kev hais lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb: cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb
Kev tshawb fawb yog tsim los sib txuas lus thiab piav qhia cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb, muaj qee qhov tseem ceeb uas siv rau kev tshawb fawb dav dav:
- logical sequence of text;
- ib qho kev txiav txim ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm nqe lus;
- tus sau qhov kev ntshaw rau qhov tsis meej, qhov tseeb thiab qhov tseeb hauv cov lus.
Yog tias koj muaj lub tswv yim txog txhua yam tseem ceeb, nws yuav tsis yooj yim los sau cov ntawv lossis txiav txim siab txog kev hais lus. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv hauv cov qauv no yuav pab koj nkag siab txhua yam tshwj xeeb:
"Txij li xyoo 2009, NCC tau ua daim npavVisa, Union Card thiab MasterCard, thiab tseem teeb meem ua ke Maestro / NCC cards. Thiab xyoo 2008, lub tuam txhab tau txais lub npe ntawm International Payment System, uas nthuav dav ntau yam ntawm nws cov kev pabcuam."
"Lub taub hau ntawm kev lag luam lossis tus thawj tswj hwm yuav tsum xa daim ntawv tshaj tawm 4 rau FSS thaum so haujlwm. Yog tias lub sijhawm kawg ntawm kev xa daim ntawv tshaj tawm tsis tau ua tiav, lub tuam txhab sawv cev los ntawm nws tus thawj coj yuav raug nplua raws li txoj cai lij choj."
Substyles ntawm scientific hais lus style
Raws li koj paub, cov qauv hauv lawv daim ntawv ntshiab yog qhov tsawg heev hauv kev hais lus. Feem ntau, lawv tau ua ke, uas yog vim li cas rau kev tsim cov substyles. Kev tshawb fawb style substyles suav nrog:
- kev lag luam;
- science-journalism;
- nrov science;
- scientific thiab technical;
- kev kawm-scientific style of speech.
Txoj kev ntawm cov ntawv nyeem nyob rau qib lus
Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev hais lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg loj: ntawm qib lus, syntax thiab qib morphological.
Ntawm cov lus hais, kev tshawb fawb muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- saturation nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho kev tshawb fawb;
- siv cov ntsiab lus ncaj qha ntawm cov lus, tsis muaj ntau yam piv txwv thiab kev cuam tshuam;
- siv cov kab lus thiab cov lus uas muaj lub ntsiab lus tsis meej: tus lej, khoom ntiag tug, txoj cai; nrog rau kev siv cov lus nouns: siv, ua, kawm;
- zoo nkaujKev siv ntiag tug ntawm cov lus thiab kab lus uas qhia qhov sib lawv liag thiab kev sib txuas ntawm kev xav: yog li ntawd, vice versa, yog li ntawd, ua ntej, ua ntej, ua ntej.
Tag nrho cov lexical nta no yuav pab txiav txim siab txog kev hais lus. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv rau kev pom kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no:
“Gastritis yog ib qho mob ntawm lub plab phab ntsa. Cov tsos mob ntawm gastritis yog raws li nram no: mob plab tom qab noj mov los yog nyob rau hauv lub plab khoob, xeev siab, raws plab, cem quav los yog ntuav, thiab lwm yam
"Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev lag luam thiab cov txheej txheem lom neeg ntawm ntau yam yog: durability, tsis kam rau txhua qhov kev loj hlob (kev nyab xeeb, kab tsuag thiab kab mob, av), khaws cia ntev thiab thauj mus los."
Morphological nta ntawm kev tshawb fawb style ntawv
Ntawm theem morphological, cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev hais lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum paub qhov txawv:
- siv gerunds, koom nrog, nrog rau lawv cov lem;
- tsis tshua muaj siv cov lus "Kuv" thiab "peb" hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab cov lus qhia hauv thawj thiab thib ob ntawm cov lus zoo;
- siv tus kheej tsis muaj tus kheej thiab ua tsis tiav ntawm tus kheej hauv cov ntawv nyeem.
Ntawm ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm qib syntactic
Tsis tas li, ntawm qib syntactic, kev hais lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, kab lus ntawm cov qauv no muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- nquag siv txuas thiab nqe lus;
- tsis kam siv cov kab lus exclamatory lossis lawv siv tsawg heev;
- siv kab kos, kab kos, ntau yam qauv;
- kev siv cov kab lus nyuaj uas siv cov lus sib txuas los txuas qhov tshwm sim hauv ntu ntawm kab lus.
Piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawv
Pab txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab txiav txim siab kom raug cov qauv ntawm kev hais lus piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv:
"Qhov teeb meem ntawm tub sab yuav tsum tau ua raws li lub sijhawm tsim nyog ntawm qhov chaw ua lag luam, uas yog, kev siv cov cuab yeej ntxiv los tshem tawm cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus neeg tawm tsam."
"Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim, cov ntaub ntawv uas tau nthuav tawm hauv Cov Ntawv Ntxiv [2] thiab tso tawm hauv daim duab. 3, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev thov nkhaus hauv lub sijhawm luv luv yog cuam tshuam los ntawm qib tus nqi."
Science style genres
Txhua cov ntawv tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau tsim ua tiav cov haujlwm, thiab lawv cov qauv yuav tsum raug raws li txhua txoj cai ntawm hom.
Txhua yam tuaj yeem muab faib ua thawj thiab theem nrab, nyob ntawm seb leej twg yog tus sau cov ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntawv kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb tau muab faib rau hauv ib pab pawg.
Cov hom tseem ceeb suav nrog cov phau ntawv siv, cov ntawv sau xov xwm, cov ntawv sau, phau ntawv nyeem, tshuaj xyuas, cov ntawv ceeb toom, kev tshaj tawm, cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev tshawb fawb, kev nthuav qhia qhov ncauj ntawm lub rooj sab laj, thiab lwm yam. Cov hom no tuaj yeem suav tias yog thawj zaug, txij li lawv tau tsim los ntawm tus sau thawj zaug.
Cov ntawv thib ob tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog paub daws teeb meem, paub daws teeb meem,abstracts, ntau yam abstracts, annotations. Cov hauj lwm no yog qhov thib ob, vim lawv tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm cov ntawv uas twb muaj lawm. Thaum npaj cov ntawv no, cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau raug kaw kom txo qhov ntim ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv.
Cov lus qhuab qhia, cov ntaub ntawv qhia kev sib tham, cov ntawv teev lus, cov ntawv qhia paub daws teeb meem yuav tsum raug ntaus nqi rau cov hom kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas muaj nyob hauv cov qauv kev tshawb fawb tag nrho yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam.
Yuav ua li cas raws nraim li kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm kev tshawb fawb, thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm tib neeg kev paub. Thaum xub thawj, cov style ntawm kev hais lus, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kos duab, tau nyob ze thiab zoo sib xws. Tom qab ntawd muaj kev sib cais ntawm scientific los ntawm cov artistic style, raws li ntau yam scientific terminology pib tshwm nyob rau hauv Greek lus.
Tus qauv kev tshawb fawb tau txais ntau thiab ntau lub koob meej thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance. Nws yog lub sijhawm ntawd, txhua tus kws tshawb fawb tau sim nthuav tawm lawv cov haujlwm kom raug raws li qhov ua tau, tab sis hauv daim ntawv luv luv, sim tshem tawm kev xav thiab kev piav qhia los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, vim tias lawv tau tawm tsam qhov kev xav tsis meej thiab xav txog qhov xwm txheej.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. Nws paub tias Kepler tau suav tias cov haujlwm ntawm Galileo yog kev ua yeeb yam ntau dhau, thiab Descartes suav tias yog qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm Galileo cov haujlwm tshawb fawb "fictionalized". Newton qhov kev nthuav tawm yog suav tias yog thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm cov lus tshawb fawb.
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau cuam tshuamlus Russian. Kev hais lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws Russia pib nws txoj kev loj hlob thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Lub sijhawm no, cov neeg txhais lus thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshawb fawb tau pib tsim lawv tus kheej cov lus. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov style no txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lomonosov thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm. Qhov kawg tsim ntawm kev tshawb fawb style ntawm Russia tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Hauv txoj haujlwm no, txhua yam kev hais lus tau raug txiav txim siab. Cov piv txwv qhia meej txog qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv, thiab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog cov qauv kev tshawb fawb yuav pab koj yooj yim siv nws hauv koj cov lus.
