Lub algorithm rau kev txhim kho mus sij hawm ntev ntawm kev lag luam Lavxias txhais tau tias muaj kev nce hauv nws qhov kev sib tw hauv ob qho tib si tshiab thiab ib txwm muaj kev tshawb fawb-intensive thaj chaw, kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm nce ntxiv thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm tib neeg peev, hauv kev nrawm. kev loj hlob ntawm high-tech industries thiab transformation ntawm lub tshiab tej yam kev mob rau hauv lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm kev loj hlob kev lag luam. Qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov dej num no suav nrog kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam, tsoomfwv, kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb raws li kev siv cov txheej txheem tsim kho tshiab. Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub ntawm intersectoral complexes, pawg mus kom ze yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm. Xav txog kev faib cov qeb, cov ntsiab lus txhais, cov hom phiaj thiab cov hom phiaj.
nce kev sib tw raws li lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj hauv kev
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev nce kev sib tw ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev raws li kev ua raws li kev sib koom ua ke rau kev txhim kho cov cheeb tsamtsis tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau theem ntawm kev kov yeej qhov teeb meem kev kub ntxhov, thaum cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txawv tsis tau muab qhov zoo rov qab, kev thov ntawm cov qauv kawm ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab kev ua lag luam tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev. Qhov no yog ib qho cuab yeej tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam.
Txoj kev txhim kho ntawm pawg neeg mus kom ze yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj niaj hnub no. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, kev sib koom ua ke, kev sib tw nce ntxiv thiab kev nrawm nrawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshiab yog qhov tshwm sim tshiab hauv kev lag luam. Uas suav nrog kev tawm tsam lub siab ntawm kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb. Nws ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm kev txhim kho hauv cheeb tsam thiab lub tebchaws.
Kev ua tau zoo
Nyob rau hauv nws thawj tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau US Congress, Barack Obama, hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv lub tswv yim tshiab rau lub teb chaws kom vam meej, taw qhia qhov xav tau los tswj cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tuam txhab me thiab loj, nyiaj txiag. cov tsev kawm ntawv, thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab raws li kev sib koom ua ke. Cov yav tas yog siv feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub regional theem. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ua kom lub teb chaws kev lag luam nrog dynamism.
Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws kuj tau pib los faib nyiaj 100 txhiab daus las hauv lub xeev pob nyiaj siv rau xyoo 2010, uas nws tau npaj los siv los txhawb cov pab pawg tshiab hauv cheeb tsam, nrog rau cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam. Qhov tseeb yog tias Barack Obama suav tias lawv yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej yav tom ntejlub teb chaws kev sib tw ntawm US kev lag luam. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias kev txhawb nqa rau cov cheeb tsam-hom pawg ntawm lub teb chaws tau muab rau thawj zaug. Yav dhau los, qhov teeb meem no tau daws tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv cheeb tsam. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, peb tab tom tham txog kev txhim kho ntawm tsoomfwv cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm pawg tshiab hauv thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Txij li tom qab muaj kev kub ntxhov, cov tub ceev xwm hauv cheeb tsam tau ntsib qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov peev nyiaj hauv lub xeev cov peev nyiaj los pab nyiaj rau kev txhim kho cov phiaj xwm tshiab. Yog li, ib qho piv txwv ntawm no yog pab pawg hauv kev ncig xyuas, kev kawm, kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov xwm txheej hauv European Union
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias niaj hnub no cov kev coj ua zoo sib xws tau raug coj los ua hauv EU lub teb chaws, qhov twg cov kev sib koom ua ke kuj tau pom tias yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho thaj av hauv kev tsim kho tshiab. Günter Verhugen, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm European Commission lub luag haujlwm rau kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam txoj cai, hais tias lub tebchaws xav tau ntau pawg hauv ntiaj teb.
Nws hais ntxiv tias pawg ntseeg txoj hauv kev hauv kev kawm, kev lag luam, kev lag luam, thiab kev kawm txuj ci tseem ceeb ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm EU cov tuam txhab. Thiab tseem nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov hauj lwm tshiab. Yog vim li ntawd nws thiaj li tau hais kom coj tag nrho cov kev siv zog los txhawb pawg kev cai ntawm ntau qib. Günter Verhudjen ntseeg tias qhov no yuav ntxiv dag zog rau kev sib koom tes thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo dua qub, tab sis tib lub sijhawm khaws cov kev sib tw ib puag ncig hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev tsim kho.agglomeration.
History of the approach. Txhais
Cluster mus kom ze - ib daim ntawv niaj hnub ntawm intersectoral complexes; ib qho kev tswj xyuas tshiab uas txhim kho kev sib tw ntawm ib qho kev lag luam, cheeb tsam lossis xeev tag nrho. Koj yuav tsum paub tias lo lus "cluster" tau qhia rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam los ntawm Michael Porter xyoo 1990. Raws li nws, qhov no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li thaj chaw muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txuas, cov chaw muag khoom tshwj xeeb, cov tuam txhab hauv cov lag luam cuam tshuam, cov chaw muab kev pabcuam, nrog rau cov koom haum cuam tshuam nrog lawv cov haujlwm. Nws raug nquahu kom suav nrog cov tsev kawm qib siab, cov koom haum ua lag luam, nrog rau cov koom haum tsim qauv. Ntxiv mus, peb tab tom tham txog qee thaj chaw uas sib tw nrog ib leeg, tab sis tib lub sijhawm ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke. Yog li, nyob rau hauv pawg neeg mus kom ze, ib pawg ntawm cov tuam txhab uas muaj kev sib tshuam thiab thaj chaw nyob sib ze, uas suav nrog cov koom haum cuam tshuam nrog lawv, yuav tsum ua haujlwm hauv ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb. Thiab kuj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev sib koom ua ke.
Kev xyaum hauv ntiaj teb ua pov thawj tias hauv 2 xyoo dhau los cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov pawg thiab tsim cov kev sib koom ua ke tau ua haujlwm zoo heev. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij kwv yees, los ntawm tam sim no kwv yees li 50% ntawm kev lag luam ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb tau them los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. Piv txwv li, pawg mus kom ze hauv Netherlands xav tias 20 pawg, hauv Is Nrias teb - 106, hauv Fabkis - 96, hauv Ltalis - 206, hauv Tebchaws Yelemees - 32 thiab lwm yam.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias ntau dua 50% ntawm cov lag luam ua haujlwm hauv pawg hauv Asmeskas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov feem ntawm GDP uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lawv tshaj 60%. Muaj ntau dua 2,000 pawg hauv EU. Lawv ntiav 38% ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Lub Danish, Norwegian, Finnish thiab Swedish kev lag luam tau siv tag nrho cov kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev ncig xyuas, kev kawm thiab kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, Finland, uas nws txoj cai kev lag luam yog raws li kev sib koom ua ke, tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb kev sib tw kev sib tw rau lub sijhawm ntev. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias vim cov pawg uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm high productivity, lub teb chaws no, muaj tsuas yog 0.5% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no cov kev pab cuam ntawm hav zoov keeb kwm, muab li 10% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no exports ntawm cov khoom ntoo thiab 25% ntawm cov ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv kev lag luam kev sib txuas lus, nws muab 30% ntawm kev xa tawm ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm tes thiab 40% ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes.
Italian kev lag luam pawg suav nrog 43% ntawm kev lag luam tag nrho kev ua haujlwm thiab ntau dua 30% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom xa tawm hauv tebchaws. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov qauv tsim ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv Fabkis (kev tsim cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, khoom noj), nrog rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees (engineering thiab chemistry).
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho pawg hauv kev tswj hwm, kev lag luam, kev kawm thiab lwm qhov chaw thiab, raws li, tsim cov pawg hauv Suav teb thiab cov tebchaws Esxias sab hnub tuaj, tshwj xeeb, hauv Singapore (hauv thaj tsam ntawm petrochemistry), hauv Nyij Pooj (kev lag luam automotive kev lag luam) thiab lwm yamlub teb chaws. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau dua 60 thaj chaw tshwj xeeb hauv Suav teb. Lawv tuav txog 30,000 lub tuam txhab nrog 3.5 lab tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab kwv yees li $ 200 nphom hauv kev muag khoom txhua xyoo.
Inclusion ntawm teg num nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob cov tswv yim ntawm txawv teb chaws
Kev nce kev sib tw los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tswv yim txhim kho ntawm ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb. Kev tshuaj xyuas txog li 500 lub tswv yim uas tau ua dhau los kaum xyoo dhau los hauv nees nkaum lub teb chaws qhia tau hais tias qhov kev sib tw siab ntawm cov teb chaws no feem ntau yog nyob ntawm cov haujlwm muaj zog ntawm qee pawg - cov locomotives ntawm kev sib tw.
Piv txwv li, Sweden kev sib tw hauv kev lag luam hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab ntawv txuas mus rau high-tech papermaking thiab woodworking machinery, conveyor kab thiab qee yam kev lag luam uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov neeg siv khoom lag luam (xws li cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov ntim khoom lag luam). Denmark tau dhau los ua tus tsim tawm ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb rau kev lag luam zaub mov thiab kev lag luam agribusiness. Lub German tsheb thiab tshuab tsim tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom tsim tau zoo rau cov kev lag luam no hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv ltalis, kev sib xyaw ua ke tau tsim raws li kev lag luam cov yam ntxwv: metalworking - lub cuab yeej txiav; tawv - khau; zam - tsim; woodworking - rooj tog. Tuam Tshoj tau siv sijhawm yuav luag 15 xyoo thiab tseem ceeb rau kev nqis peev sab nraud kom paub txog cov hom phiaj ntawm pawg mus kom ze thiab tsimkev sib tw pawg nyob ib ncig ntawm kev lag luam textile, khaub ncaws factories, khoom ntaus pob tesniv, chav ua noj, export-oriented toys.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm pawg
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev lag luam, pawg tsim khoom raws li kev ua haujlwm sib cais tau ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias rov qab rau xyoo 1990, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), los ntawm Private Sector Development Division, npaj. ib txheej ntawm cov lus pom zoo rau kev npaj kev pab cuam rau kev sib cuam tshuam tsoom fwv ntawm European lub teb chaws thiab European lag luam nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob thiab tom qab siv cov kev pab cuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm tes hauj lwm ntawm cov tuam txhab me me thiab pawg. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 2006, EU tau pom zoo thiab tau txais "Clustering Manifesto hauv EU". Thiab twb nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2007, European Cluster Memorandum tau xa mus rau kev pom zoo. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias nws tau pom zoo thaum Lub Ib Hlis 21, 2008 hauv Stockholm ntawm European Thawj Tswj Hwm Conference on Clusters thiab Innovations. Kev txhawb nqa rau kev sib koom ua ke rau cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe nrog hom kev hloov pauv ntawm kev lag luam tau pom los ntawm EU lub rooj sib tham hu ua "Eastern Partnership", uas tau tshwm sim hauv Prague thaum lub Tsib Hlis 7-10, 2009. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais yuav yog txhawm rau ua kom "qhov tseem ceeb" ntawm pawg, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev nce qib ntawm kev sib tw ntawm qee lub tebchaws thiab EU feem ntau.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm pawg
Nrog kev txhim kho ntawm pawg mus kom zenyob rau hauv Russia thiab lwm lub teb chaws, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov koom haum sib raug zoo tau hloov kho thiab txhawb nqa. Yog li, hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm European eq. Commission ntawm United Nations (UNECE) 2008 nyob rau hauv lub npe "Kev txhim kho qib tshiab ntawm cov tuam txhab: kev xaiv cov cuab yeej siv tau thiab cov cai" ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm pawg yog cov hauv qab no:
- thaj chaw tsom mus (cov tuam txhab nyob ze tau nyiam los ntawm lub sijhawm los paub txog kev lag luam ntawm cov nplai ntawm cov khoom lag luam, nrog rau cov txheej txheem kev kawm thiab kev sib pauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo peev);
- kev tshwj xeeb (muaj ib pab pawg hauv kev kawm txuj ci, kev kawm, kev lag luam kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam; uas yog, pawg neeg feem ntau yog tsom mus rau qee thaj chaw ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas cov kws sau ntawv lossis koom nrog ncaj qha);
- ntau tus neeg saib xyuas kev lag luam (nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov haujlwm ntawm pawg cuam tshuam tsis yog cov tuam txhab suav nrog hauv lawv xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov koom haum pej xeem, cov koom haum, cov kev kawm uas txhawb kev koom tes);
- kev koom tes thiab kev sib tw (cov no yog hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov qauv uas yog cov tswv cuab ntawm txhua pawg neeg);
- ua tiav cov phiaj xwm "qhov tseem ceeb" cuam tshuam nrog pawg (qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txhim kho sab hauv thiab kev muaj zog);
- kev vam meej ntawm pawg (nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias txawm li cas los xij lawv tau tsim los rau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev);
- kev koom tes hauv kev tsim kho tshiab (cov lag luam thiab cov tuam txhab uas yog ib feem ntawm pawg,Raws li txoj cai, lawv suav nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua lag luam, thev naus laus zis, khoom lossis kev tsim kho tshiab).
Kev faib pawg pawg
Txoj kev ua pawg rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam presupposes ib qho kev faib tawm. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo dhau los, ntau pawg tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Lawv tau tsim los ua kom muaj kev sib tw ntawm qee thaj tsam thiab thaj chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, cov qauv kev lag luam ntawm ib tiam tshiab tau pib tsim. Lawv tau koom nrog hauv computer science, ecology, tsim, tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj biomedical, logistics thiab lwm yam. Lawv txoj kev taw qhia tshiab maj mam nce. Yog li, niaj hnub no nws suav hais tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas txiav txim siab qhov kev sib tw ntawm pawg tsim. Cov tom kawg yog tsim qhov "tawg" kev nce qib hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev tsim khoom tau npaj tseg, nrog rau kev nkag mus rau lwm qhov "kev ua lag luam niches".
Yog li, cia peb saib cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam pawg:
- Computer science thiab kev sib txuas lus, electronic technologies (Finland, Switzerland).
- Bioresources thiab biotechnology (Fabkis, Norway, Netherlands, UK, Lub teb chaws Yelemees).
- Tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab tshuaj (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Sweden, Ltalis, Denmark, Fabkis).
- Khoom noj khoom haus thiab Agribusiness (Belgium, Netherlands, Fabkis, Finland, Ltalis).
- Chemistry thiab roj thiab roj complex (Belgium, Switzerland,Lub teb chaws Yelemees).
- Electronics thiab mechanical engineering (Ltalis, Switzerland, Netherlands, Norway, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Ireland).
- He althcare (Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland).
- Kev kawm. Txoj kev sib koom ua ke hauv cheeb tsam no yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv Sweden, Ltalis thiab Belgium.
- Kev thauj mus los thiab kev sib txuas lus (Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, Finland, Ireland, Denmark).
- Zog (Finland, Norway).
- Kev tsim kho (Netherlands, Belgium, Finland).
- Timber and Paper Complex (Finland).
- Lub teeb kev lag luam (Finland, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark).
Cluster mus kom ze hauv tourism: cov ntsiab lus txhais
Kev siv txoj hauv kev no hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam hauv kev hloov pauv kev lag luam yog cuam tshuam niaj hnub no. Qhov no yog vim muaj coob tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam. Yog li, kev lag luam tourism yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov dav ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo, ib qho kev sib cais. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm no peb tuaj yeem tham txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam nruab nrab thiab me me, qhov tsis pom kev ntawm cov khoom lag luam, nws qhov kev xav tsis sib xws los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg tsim khoom, thiab lwm yam. Xav txog cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, nws raug nquahu kom rov qab hu ua rhombus ntawm kev sib tw zoo, uas tau tsim los ntawm M. Porter. Lub pob zeb diamond no yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom hauv qab no: cov xwm txheej rau cov khoom tsim khoom, lub xeev ntawm kev thov, lub tswv yim ruaj khov, qauv, kev sib tw, thiab lwm yam thiab kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev ncig xyuas kev lag luam tau nrawm tshwj xeebTom qab tau txais kev hloov kho rau Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai "Rau Tshwj Xeeb Economic Zones hauv Lavxias Federation" (2006).
Zoo kawg
Yog li, peb tau txiav txim siab qeb ntawm pawg mus kom ze, ntau yam ntawm pawg, nrog rau lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb pom cov hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj hauv kev.
Raws li lub ntiaj teb kev coj ua ntawm cov txheej txheem ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam qhia, kev lag luam ruaj khov thiab kev sib tw siab yog feem ntau yog muab los ntawm cov xwm txheej uas txhawb kev sib kis ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Xav txog tias niaj hnub kev sib tw zoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke yog tag nrho vim qhov zoo ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ntau lawm, kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem, thiab lub koom haum ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov khoom lag luam. Kev vam meej nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev sib tw eq. Qhov system tsuas yog ua tau yog tias cov kev xav ntawm kev txhim kho niaj hnub no hauv kev tsim kho tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem hauv kev kawm tau sib xyaw ua ke.
Ntau lub teb chaws koom nrog qhov no. Ntawm lawv, muaj ob qho tib si kev lag luam tsim thiab pib tsim kev lag luam kev lag luam. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tam sim no muaj me ntsis ntau dua li yav dhau los, coj los ntawm kev txiav txim siab mus rau hauv kev txhawb nqa cov ntawv cog lus tshaj plaws thiab thaj chaw ntawm kev ua lag luam, nrog rau kev tsim thiab kev tswj hwm tom ntej ntawm lub teb chaws. Innovation Systems (NIS).
Kev koom tes loj hauv kev ua haujlwm tshiab ntawm pawg qauv tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txheeb cais. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv EU muaj feem xyuam rau lub luag haujlwm ntawmpawg hauv kev tsim kho tshiab. Yog li, txoj haujlwm tshiab ntawm pawg tuam txhab lag luam tau dhau los ua siab dua (kwv yees li 60%) piv rau cov haujlwm sab nraud (40-45%).
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias pawg muaj peev xwm tsim kho tshiab vim yog cov laj thawj hauv qab no: ua ntej, cov tuam txhab koom nrog pawg muaj peev xwm teb sai dua thiab txaus rau cov neeg siv khoom xav tau; Thib ob, kev nkag mus rau cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, uas tau siv los ua raws li ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam, tau yooj yim heev rau cov tswv cuab hauv pawg; Thib peb, cov txheej txheem kev tsim kho tshiab suav nrog cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov chaw muag khoom, nrog rau cov lag luam los ntawm lwm cov lag luam; thib plaub, raws li kev sib koom tes ntawm kev sib koom tes, R & D cov nqi raug txo qis; thiab thaum kawg, cov tuam txhab hauv pawg tau raug kev nyuaj siab los ntawm cov neeg sib tw, uas yog exacerbated los ntawm kev sib piv tas li ntawm lawv tus kheej kev lag luam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws.
Tsis zoo li cov pawg ib txwm nyob hauv kev lag luam, pawg kev tsim kho tshiab tau suav tias yog ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tuam txhab, cov neeg siv khoom, cov chaw muag khoom, nrog rau cov tuam txhab kev paub, suav nrog cov chaw tshawb fawb loj thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab.
