Pierce Charles Sanders yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas, tus kws tshawb fawb, tus lej lej, thiab tus kws tshawb fawb, uas qee tus tau hu ua "leej txiv ntawm pragmatism." Nws tau kawm raws li ib tug kws tshuaj thiab ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kws tshawb fawb rau 30 xyoo. Nws muaj nuj nqis rau nws qhov kev koom tes loj heev rau logic, lej, philosophy thiab semiotics. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas yog qhov nrov rau kev tso tawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev xav - pragmatism.
Recognition
Charles Pierce yog tus tsim kho tshiab hauv lej, txheeb cais, lub tswv yim, nrog rau qee qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Peirce suav hais tias nws tus kheej feem ntau yog logician. Nws tau ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, logic qhib txoj kev rau nws mus rau tshiab discoveries thiab xaus. Nws pom logic ua ib ceg ntawm semiotics, uas nws tau los ua tus tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, Charles Peirce tau txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tsis ncaj ncees, nrog rau kev tsim cov lej inductive thiab deductive vim li cas. Thaum ntxov li xyoo 1886, nws pom tias kev ua haujlwm zoo tuaj yeem ua tauhluav taws xob hloov circuits. Tib lub tswv yim tau siv ntau xyoo tom qab los ua cov khoos phis tawj digital.
Pragmatism yog dab tsi?
Pragmatism yog kev xav txog kev xav uas tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Meskas xyoo 1870. Pragmatism suav hais tias kev xav yog ib qho cuab yeej rau kev kwv yees thiab kev daws teeb meem thiab kev ua, thiab tseem tsis lees paub lub tswv yim tias tib neeg txoj haujlwm ntawm kev xav yog txuam nrog metaphysics thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws, raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub siab siab ntawm txoj hmoo. Pragmatists sib cav hais tias qhov tseeb tsuas yog qhov uas muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Lub pragmatism ntawm Charles Peirce piav txog lub "hloov lub ntiaj teb", thaum lub hom phiaj, cov neeg muaj tiag thiab Thomists (cov neeg ntseeg Catholic xav) tuav qhov kev xav ntawm "ntiaj teb tsis hloov". Pragmatism yog ib lub tswv yim uas tawm tsam txhua qhov kev sim piav qhia txog metaphysics thiab rov txhais qhov tseeb ntawm qee qhov kev taw qhia rau hauv kev pom zoo ib ntus ntawm cov neeg hauv thaj chaw hauv qab kev kawm.
Semiotics yog dab tsi?
Semiotics yog kev kawm txog lub ntsiab lus tsim ntawm cov txheej txheem teeb liab. Qhov no suav nrog kev kawm txog cov cim ntawm cov txheej txheem semiotic, lawv qhov taw qhia, kev tsim, kev sib xws, kev sib piv, kev hais lus, kev piv txwv thiab cov cim. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tshawb nrhiav kev kawm txog cov cim thiab cov cim ua ib feem ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Tsis zoo li linguistics, semiotics kuj kawm tsis yog hom lus kos npe.
Semiotics ntawm xibfwb Charles S. Pierce
Lub semiotics ntawm Charles Pierce qhia txog ntau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov paib, lawvqhov tseem ceeb thiab kos npe sib txheeb). Nws zoo kawg nkaus to taub tias thaj chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb no yuav tsum yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb - semiotics. Yog li ntawd, Peirce txhais cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm semiotics, ntawm no yog nws cov kev faib tawm:
- Cov cim-cov cim: cov cim cim uas lub ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig muaj ib qho kev siv tau zoo. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub cim ceeb toom "Caution: me nyuam", uas qhia txog cov me nyuam khiav. Txoj kev kos npe no txhawb kom koj qeeb ntawm txoj kev thiab tau teeb tsa ze ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab, cov tsev kawm qib kindergarten, cov kis las hluas (lossis muaj tswv yim), thiab lwm yam.
- Cov cim-indexes: kos npe thiab kos npe rau cov khoom (lossis kev ua) muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib leeg hauv kev faib ua feem rau qhov nrug ntawm lub sijhawm lossis qhov chaw. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov paib txoj kev uas muab cov neeg taug kev cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub npe, kev taw qhia thiab kev ncua deb mus rau qhov chaw nyob tom ntej. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov duab kos uas qhia txog, piv txwv li, frowned pob muag, yog suav hais tias yog ib qho kev taw qhia, vim hais tias lub siab ntsws keeb kwm ntawm ib tug neeg raug xa mus rau ntawm no (qhov no, npau taws).
- Cov cim-cov cim: cov cim thiab cov cim muaj ib qho cim nyob rau hauv lub prism ntawm ib qho convection (peb tab tom tham txog lub rooj sib tham ua ntej). Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem ua piv txwv ib txoj kev kos npe uas qhia txog qhov "inverted" daim duab peb sab. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kos npe yog "muab txoj kev", tab sis nws lub npe nws tus kheej tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog kev txhawb nqa, vim nws tsuas yog daim duab peb sab inverted. Lub teb chaws cov cim poob rau hauv tib lub prism, qhov twg cov khoom piav qhia yog rhetorical rau txhua tus. Cov cim tuaj yeem yog tag nrho cov lus los ntawm cov lus uas twb muaj lawm, tab sis cov lus imitation (xws li "croak", "meow", "grunt", "rumble" thiab lwm yam) poob rau hauv cov npe ntawm kev zam.
Charles Pierce: biography
Yug Lub Cuaj Hli 10, 1839 hauv Cambridge (Massachusetts) hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus kws lej Asmeskas nto moo thiab tus kws hnub qub Benjamin Pierce. Charles tau coj lub neej thaum ntxov ntawm txoj cai: cov niam txiv tsis kam qhuab qhia thiab qhia lawv cov menyuam vim ntshai tsam lawv tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kawm thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm tsev neeg lub tsev, uas feem ntau tau mus xyuas los ntawm cov neeg sab ntsuj plig thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb, tsis pub Peirce xaiv txoj hauv kev uas tsis yog kev tshawb fawb. Ntawm cov qhua feem ntau yog cov kws ua lej thiab cov kws tshawb fawb, kws sau paj lug, kws lij choj thiab cov nom tswv. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig no, tus tub hluas Charles Pierce tswj kom xis nyob thiab nyiam.
Pierce yog tus thib ob ntawm tsib tus menyuam hauv tsev neeg. Nws muaj plaub tus kwv tij uas txawj ntse, uas kuj tau txuas lawv lub neej nrog kev tshawb fawb thiab qib siab. James Mills Pierce (tus tij laug) ua raws nws txiv mus rau Harvard University, qhov chaw nws pib kawm lej hauv qhov tob.
Lwm tus kwv tij, Herbert Henry Pierce, tau ua haujlwm zoo hauv Kev Pabcuam Txawv Tebchaws. Tus kwv yau, Benjamin Mills Pierce, tau kawm los ua ib tus kws tshaj lij thiab ua tiav hauv cheeb tsam no, tab sis nws tuag hluas. Cov txuj ci ntawm cov kwv tij, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Charles, feem ntau yog vim muaj kev txawj ntse thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm lawv txiv, nrog rau kev ua neej nyob.kev txawj ntse cua puag ncig lawv txhua lub sijhawm.
Charles Pierce: phau ntawv, ntawv tshawb fawb
Pearce qhov muaj koob npe thiab lub koob npe nrov yog feem ntau raws li nws cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb luam tawm hauv Asmeskas cov ntawv xov xwm tshawb fawb. Nws cov ntawv sau tau raug tshuaj xyuas nyob rau hauv American Academy of Arts thiab Sciences, hauv National Academy of Sciences hauv Nrov Science Txhua hli, phau ntawv xov xwm kev xav txog kev xav. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm Charles Pierce Sanders ntawm kev ua lej thiab kev xav tau muab faib ua ob theem: luam tawm thaum nws lub neej thiab tom qab tuag.
Pearce phau ntawv hauv nws lub neej
- Book "Photometric Research" 1878. 181-nplooj ntawv monograph ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem spectrographic hauv astronomy.
- Phau ntawv "Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv Logic ntawm Johns Hopkins Institute" 1883. Sau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav thiab kws kho mob, suav nrog Charles Pierce nws tus kheej, hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev xav.
Major posthumous publications
Harvard University tau txais ntau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Pierce tus poj niam tom qab nws tuag (1914). Txog 1,650 phau ntawv uas tsis tau tshaj tawm nrog tag nrho 100,000 nplooj ntawv tau pom hauv nws lub chaw haujlwm. Peirce thawj zaug luam tawm anthology ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog ib phau ntawv hu ua Chance, Love, and Logic: A Philosophical Essay. Cov hauj lwm tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv kev kho ntawm Morris Raphael Cohen hauv 1923. Tom qab ntawd, lwm yam kev ntseeg tau pib tshwm sim, cov ntawv tshaj tawm yog xyoo 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994 thiab 2009.
Feem ntau ntawm Peirce cov ntawv sau tau raug luam tawm, tab sis muajib co ntawv uas lub ntiaj teb no tsis paub vim cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo.
- 1931-58: Sau Cov Ntawv Sau los ntawm Charles Pierce Sanders, 8 ntim. Txhua yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm los ntawm 1860 txog 1913 yog sau ntawm no. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj haujlwm loj tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig tau pib hauv xyoo 1893. Thaum xub thawj, cov ntawv tsis tau tsim thiab sib txawv ntawm qhov loj me, yog li kom pom tseeb dua, tus editor txhais tes yuav tsum tau ua. Cov ntim ib txog rau rau tau raug kho los ntawm Charles Hartshorne, thiab ntim xya thiab yim tau kho los ntawm Arthur Burke.
- 1975-87: "Charles Sanders Pierce: Kev Pabcuam rau Lub Tebchaws" - 4 ntim. Cov ntawv sau no muaj ntau dua 300 kev tshuaj xyuas thiab cov khoom los ntawm Peirce, uas tau luam tawm ib nrab thaum nws lub neej ntawm 1869 thiab 1908. Cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov kws kho ntawm Kenneth Lane Keener thiab James Edward Cook.
- 1976 - tam sim no: "Tshiab Elements of Mathematics los ntawm Charles S. Pierce" - 5 ntim. Peirce cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua lej raug luam tawm ntawm no. Kho los ntawm Carolyn Eisele. Cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov project tseem "hauv kev txhim kho" hnub no.
- 1977-tam sim no: Kev sib tham ntawm C. S. Pierce thiab Victoria Welby los ntawm 1903 txog 1912.
- 1982 - Tam sim no: Cov Ntawv Sau ntawm Charles S. Pierce - Cov Ntawv Tshaj Tawm. Thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm qhov project yog nyob rau hauv 2010, tab sis cov hauj lwm txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no. Thawj zaug luam tawm 6 ntim npog tus kws tshawb fawb lub neej los ntawm 1859 txog 1889.
- 1985–Tam sim no: Peirce's History of Science Perspective: A History of Science - 2 vols. Kho los ntawm Carolyn Eisele.
- 1992 - txog rau tam sim no: "Discourse on the logic of things" - lectures by Professor Pierce rau xyoo 1898. Hloov kho: Kenneth Laine Kinnear nrog kev tawm tswv yim los ntawm Hilary Putnam.
- 1992-98: Essential Peirce - 2 vols. Cov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus sau txog kev xav ntawm Charles Peirce. Hloov kho los ntawm Nathan Hauser (Vol. 1) thiab Christian Clausel (Vol. 2).
- 1997 - rau tam sim no: "Pragmatism raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab kev xav kom raug." Ib phau ntawm Pierce cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm pragmatism ntawm Harvard University hauv daim ntawv qhia luv luv. Hloov kho: Patricia Ann Turisi.
- 2010 – tam sim no: Philosophy of Mathematics: Xaiv Ua Haujlwm. Tshwj xeeb, yav dhau los tsis tau tshaj tawm, ua haujlwm ntawm Peirce hauv kev ua lej. Editing: Matthew Moore.
Kev pab ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb zoo rau kev tshawb fawb
Charles S. Pierce tau ua qee qhov kev tshawb pom zoo hauv kev ua lej, lej lej. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas yog tus tsim ntawm pragmatism thiab semiotics. Feem ntau ntawm nws cov haujlwm tshawb fawb tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tsuas yog tom qab nws tuag. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau tuag rau lub Plaub Hlis 19, 1914.
