Prism ntim formula. Volumes ntawm tsis tu ncua quadrangular thiab hexagonal cov duab

Cov txheej txheem:

Prism ntim formula. Volumes ntawm tsis tu ncua quadrangular thiab hexagonal cov duab
Prism ntim formula. Volumes ntawm tsis tu ncua quadrangular thiab hexagonal cov duab
Anonim

Prism yog polyhedron lossis polyhedron, uas tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov khoom geometry. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm no polyhedron yog nws ntim. Cia peb xav txog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm yuav ua li cas tus nqi no yuav xam tau, thiab kuj muab cov qauv rau lub ntim ntawm prisms - tsis tu ncua quadrangular thiab hexagonal.

Prism hauv stereometry

Daim duab no tau nkag siab tias yog ib lub polyhedron, uas muaj ob qhov zoo tib yam polygons nyob rau hauv cov dav hlau sib npaug, thiab ntawm ob peb lub parallelograms. Rau qee yam ntawm prisms, parallelograms tuaj yeem sawv cev rau lub quadrilaterals lossis squares. Hauv qab no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub npe hu ua pentagonal prism.

Pentagonal prism
Pentagonal prism

txhawm rau tsim ib daim duab raws li hauv daim duab saum toj no, koj yuav tsum tau siv lub pentagon thiab nqa nws qhov kev sib txuas mus rau qhov chaw nyob deb. Txuas ob sab ntawm ob pentagons siv parallelograms, peb tau txais qhov xav tau prism.

Txhua qhov prism muaj lub ntsej muag, ntsug thiab ntug. Lub vertices ntawm prismtsis zoo li lub pyramid, yog sib npaug, txhua tus ntawm lawv hais txog ib qho ntawm ob lub hauv paus. Lub ntsej muag thiab cov npoo muaj ob hom: cov uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus thiab cov uas nyob rau sab.

Prisms muaj ntau hom (yog, oblique, convex, ncaj, concave). Cia peb xav txog tom qab hauv tsab xov xwm los ntawm cov qauv dab tsi uas qhov ntim ntawm lub prism yog xam, suav nrog cov duab ntawm daim duab.

Prism ncaj thiab oblique
Prism ncaj thiab oblique

Kev qhia dav dav rau kev txiav txim siab qhov ntim ntawm prism

Txawm hais tias hom dab tsi hauv daim duab hauv kev kawm yog, txawm tias nws ncaj los yog oblique, tsis tu ncua lossis tsis xwm yeem, muaj kev qhia thoob ntiaj teb uas tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab nws qhov ntim. Qhov ntim ntawm ib daim duab spatial yog thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw uas yog kaw ntawm nws lub ntsej muag. Tus qauv dav dav rau qhov ntim ntawm lub prism yog:

V=So × h.

Ntawm So sawv cev rau thaj tsam ntawm lub hauv paus. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias peb tab tom tham txog ib lub hauv paus, thiab tsis yog hais txog ob. Tus nqi h yog qhov siab. Qhov siab ntawm daim duab hauv qab kev kawm tau nkag siab tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm nws cov hauv paus zoo ib yam. Yog hais tias qhov kev ncua deb coincides nrog qhov ntev ntawm sab tav, ces ib tug hais ntawm ib tug ncaj prism. Hauv daim duab ncaj, txhua sab yog duab plaub.

Yog li, yog tias lub prism yog oblique thiab muaj qhov tsis xwm yeem puag polygon, ces suav nws ntim yuav nyuaj dua. Yog tias daim duab ncaj nraim, ces qhov kev suav ntawm qhov ntim tsuas yog txo kom txiav txim siab thaj tsam ntawm lub hauv paus So.

Kev txiav txim siab qhov ntim ntawm daim duab tsis tu ncua

Regular yog txhua qhov prism uas ncaj thiab muaj lub hauv paus polygonal nrog ob sab thiab kaum sib npaug sib npaug. Piv txwv li, cov polygons li niaj zaus yog ib lub xwmfab thiab ib daim duab peb sab sib npaug. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub rhombus tsis yog daim duab tsis tu ncua, vim tsis yog txhua qhov ntawm nws cov ces kaum sib npaug.

Cov mis rau qhov ntim ntawm ib txwm prism unambiguously ua raws li cov lus qhia dav dav rau V, uas tau sau rau hauv kab lus dhau los ntawm kab lus. Ua ntej pib sau cov qauv sib thooj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab thaj tsam ntawm lub hauv paus raug. Tsis mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus lej, peb nthuav qhia cov qauv rau kev txiav txim siab qhov chaw qhia. Nws yog universal rau ib txwm n-gon thiab muaj daim ntawv hauv qab no:

S=n / 4 × ctg (pi / n) × a2.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev qhia, thaj tsam Sn yog qhov ua haujlwm ntawm ob qhov tsis muaj. Ib tus lej n tuaj yeem coj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 3 mus rau infinity. Tus nqi a yog qhov ntev ntawm sab ntawm n-gon.

Yuav suav qhov ntim ntawm daim duab, nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau muab cov cheeb tsam S los ntawm qhov siab h lossis los ntawm qhov ntev ntawm sab ntug b (h=b). Yog li ntawd, peb tuaj txog ntawm cov qauv ua haujlwm hauv qab no:

V=n / 4 × ctg (pi / n) × a2 × h.

Nco ntsoov tias txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov ntim ntawm lub prism ntawm ib hom kev txiav txim siab, koj yuav tsum paub ntau qhov ntau (ntev ntawm ob sab ntawm lub hauv paus, qhov siab, dihedral kaum ntawm daim duab), tab sis kom xam tus nqi V ntawm ib txwm prism, peb yuav tsum paub tsuas yog ob kab tsis, piv txwv li, a thiab h.

Lub ntim ntawm plaub npaug ntawm cov prism

Tsis tu ncua quadrangular prism
Tsis tu ncua quadrangular prism

Ib qho plaub ntug prism hu ua parallelepiped. Yog hais tias tag nrho nws lub ntsej muag yog sib npaug thiab yog square, ces xws li ib daim duab yuav yog ib lub voos xwmfab. Txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm paub tias qhov ntim ntawm ib lub voj voos parallelepiped lossis lub voos xwmfab yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev muab nws peb sab sib txawv (ntev, qhov siab thiab dav). Qhov tseeb no ua raws los ntawm cov lus sau dav dav dav dav rau daim duab tsis tu ncua:

V=n/4 × ctg (pi / n) × a2 × h=4/4 × ctg (pi / 4) × a2× h=a2 × h.

Ntawm no yog cov cotangent ntawm 45 ° yog sib npaug rau 1. Nco ntsoov tias qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov siab h thiab qhov ntev ntawm sab ntawm lub hauv paus yuav ua rau cov mis rau qhov ntim ntawm ib lub voos xwmfab.

ntim ntawm hexagonal tsis tu ncua prism

Tsis tu ncua hexagonal prism
Tsis tu ncua hexagonal prism

Tam sim no siv cov kev xav saum toj no los txiav txim qhov ntim ntawm daim duab nrog lub hauv paus hexagonal. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum hloov tus nqi n=6 hauv tus qauv:

V=6/4 × ctg (pi / 6) × a2 × h=3 × √3/2 × a2 × h.

Cov lus sau tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm nws tus kheej yam tsis tas siv cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb rau S. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau faib cov hexagon tsis tu ncua rau hauv 6 daim duab peb sab sib npaug. Ib sab ntawm lawv txhua tus yuav muab sib npaug rau a. Thaj chaw ntawm ib daim duab peb sab sib raug rau:

S3=√3/4 × a2.

Muab tus nqi no los ntawm tus lej ntawm daim duab peb sab (6) thiab los ntawm qhov siab, peb tau txais cov qauv saum toj no rau qhov ntim.

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