Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv Lavxias yog nyob ntawm cov cai ntawm kev sib cais, cais thiab sau ntawv txuas ntxiv ntawm cov ntawv. Compound adjectives, spelling piv txwv ntawm uas yuav muab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, qhia txog cov kev cai sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus.
Cov lus sib xyaw - nws yog dab tsi?
Nyob rau hauv lub lexical arsenal ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus muaj cov lus yooj yim uas muaj ib lub hauv paus, ib qia (xiav, hluas, liab, lub caij nplooj zeeg). Yog hais tias ib lo lus muaj ob peb stems los yog ib feem ntawm stems, ces nws yog suav tias yog complex. Compound adjectives, piv txwv uas tau muab rau hauv cov lus hauv qab no, muaj ob lub hauv paus.
Compound word: txoj kev kawm
Cov lus nyuaj yog tsim los ntawm peb txoj hauv kev: ntxiv, fusion, ntawv luv.
| Txoj Kev | Kev piav qhia | Cov npe thiab cov lus sib xyaw ua piv txwv |
| Ntxiv | Morphological txoj kev ntawm lo lus tsim, nyob rau hauv uas ib lo lus compoundtsim los ntawm kev sib txuas stems nrog ib tug vowel (txuas vowel O ua raws cov consonants nyuaj, vowel E raws li soft ones). | |
| Fusion | Lexico-syntactic method: tag nrho cov lus tsis sib txuas cov lus sib txuas rau hauv ib qho nyuaj. | ob-zaj (ntawm ob pem teb), plaub caug hnub (ntawm plaub caug hnub), vwm (vwm) |
| Abbreviation | Txoj kev siv xov tooj cua: ib lo lus sib xyaw (noun) yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus, tab sis, tsis zoo li fusion, tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm cov hauv paus txuas nrog: cov lus, cov ntawv. | khw muag khoom, nyiaj hli, KAMAZ, NATO, SIV |
Compound adjective: kev sau txuas ntxiv
Kev sau ntawm cov lus piav qhia nyuaj ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev sau ntawv, qhia los ntawm lawv cov npe sib xyaw, piv txwv uas tau muab rau hauv cov lus hauv qab no.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, complex adjectives yuav sau nrog ib tug hyphen thiab ua ke los yog ib feem ntawm ib kab lus uas tus adjective tsis yog ib feem ntawm ib tug compound.
| Rule | Compound adjective piv txwv | |
| 1 | Thaum tsim ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm lub npe sib xyaw, uas yog sau ua ke. | roj pipeline - roj pipeline, steamship - steamboat |
| 2 | Thaum tsim ib qho kev sib xyaw ua kelos ntawm subordinate ua ke ntawm cov lus, suav nrog los ntawm cov kab lus "noun + adjective", naming geographical objects. | ski - alpine skiing, natural science - natural sciences, nruab nrab txhua hnub - nruab nrab ib hnub; Lysogorsky - Bald Roob, Yagodnopoliansky - Yagodnaya Polyana |
| 3 | Yog tus adjective xaiv ib lo lus scientific los yog ib lo lus tshwj xeeb. | lepidoptera, viviparous, tsiaj txhu, mis nyuj cannery, bakery, tshawb nrhiav |
| 4 | Yog thawj feem ntawm cov lus sib xyaw yog raws li hauv qab no: siab-, siab dua-, tob-, ntom-, txias-, loj-, teeb-, me-, ntau-, qis-, qis-, ntse-, tiaj, muaj zog, tsis muaj zog, tuab, nyias, nyuaj, hnyav, nqaim, dav. Yog hais tias muaj lus piav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus no, ces tus sau yog cais. | me ntsis kawm (tab sis: me ntsis kawm los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm), nyuaj tshem tawm (tab sis: nyuaj rau tshem tawm hauv lub cev), dav dav (paub thoob ntiaj teb) |
| 5 | Yog thawj feem ntawm cov lus sib xyaw yog qhov sib xws-, sab sauv-, nruab nrab-, qis-, qub-, ntxov-, lig-. | Common, Central Lavxias teb sab, Lower Volga, Lus Askiv Laus, Thaum Ntxov ripe, Late Scythian |
Compound adjectives: hyphenated
Ntau cov lus piav qhia yog sau ib nrab txuas ntxiv. Cov cai hyphen thiab cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw (piv txwv) tau muab rau hauv cov lus hauv qab no.
| Rule | Hyphenated Compound Adjective Piv txwv | |
| Nyob ib tug hyphen | ||
| 1 | Thaum tsim ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm cov npe sau nrog tus lej. | North-Western - North-West, Social Democratic - Social Democracy, Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul (tab sis: Trans-Issyk-Kul, as there is a prefix) |
| 2 | Yog hais tias lub npe yog tsim los ntawm ob lub npe, piv txwv li, los ntawm ob lub npe lossis ib lub npe thiab lub xeem. Eastern surnames yog ib qho kev zam. | Pushkin-Gogol, Leo-Tolstoy, Jules-Vernovsky (tab sis: Dzhekichan, Ho Chi Minh) |
| 3 | Yog hais tias tus adjective yog tsim los ntawm merging ob peb cov lus sib npaug (koj tuaj yeem tso ib lub union ntawm lawv thiab tab sis). | convex-concave, kua-plum, Lavxias-Suav, nthuav tawm-siab |
| 4 | Yog hais tias lub adjective yog tsim los ntawm merging ob peb sib npaug tab sis heterogeneous lo lus. | kev lag luam, kev siv hluav taws xob, kev sib piv keeb kwm |
| 5 | Yog thawj feem ntawm cov lus sib xyaw yog tub rog, pej xeem, pawg, kev kawm, kev tshawb fawb. | tub rog kev cai lij choj, tib neeg txoj kev ywj pheej, kev ua kis las loj, kev kawm thiab txheej txheem, kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis |
| 6 | Yog hais tias tus adjective qhia txog qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm xim. | grey ntsuab, daj xiav, sib sib zog nqus dub |
| 7 | Complex place-name adjectives. | West Korean, North Ossetian, South Ural |
nqe lus"adverb+adjective"
Cov lus sib xyaw - adjectives, piv txwv uas tau muab los saum toj no, tuaj yeem nyuaj rau qhov txawv ntawm cov kab lus zoo sib xws.
Yog li, kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees yog ib qho lus, thiab kev coj ncaj ncees yog ib kab lus, qhov twg koj tuaj yeem nug cov lus nug rau ib qho lus hais: "Yuav ua li cas hwm?"
Spelling complex adjectives: piv txwv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv
Compound adjectives yog siv dav hauv kev ua yeeb yam.
Lawv tso cai rau koj piav qhia meej txog cov khoom, taw qhia los ntawm ib puag ncig; lawv coj uniqueness rau cov ntawv nyeem. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov dab neeg ntawm I. A. Bunin, muaj ntau ntau tus neeg epithets - complex adjectives: haus luam yeeb-ntsuab nyob deb, pos huab-milky pos, dull-paj foliage, grey-tis eagles, ib tug cheeky-zoo nkauj poj niam, lub teeb golden maples, a tus kws kho mob nyias-b dav-lub xub pwg nyom, nws yog xim hlau - suab qw thiab lwm yam.
