Dab tsi yog distillation? Qhov no yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov kua rau hauv vapor, uas tom qab ntawd condenses rov qab rau hauv cov kua dej. Qhov piv txwv yooj yim tshaj plaws yog cov dej distillation, qhov twg cov dej los ntawm lub hwj yog tso rau hauv cov tee dej ntawm qhov chaw txias.
Daim ntawv thov thiab keeb kwm
Distillation yog siv los cais cov kua los ntawm cov khoom uas tsis muaj volatile, xws li nyob rau hauv cov distillation ntawm dab los ntawm fermented cov ntaub ntawv, los yog cais ob los yog ntau tshaj cov kua nrog txawv boiling point, xws li nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm roj av, kerosene, thiab lubricants los ntawm roj av. Lwm daim ntawv thov kev lag luam suav nrog kev ua cov tshuaj xws li formaldehyde thiab phenol thiab seawater desalination.
Cov txheej txheem distillation yog tej zaum siv los ntawm cov neeg sim thaum ub. Aristotle (384-322 BC) tau hais tias cov dej ntshiab tuaj yeem tau los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv evaporating. Pliny tus Txwj Laug (23-79 AD) tau piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke uas cov roj tau los ntawm cua sov rosin tau sau rau ntawm cov ntaub plaub uas muab tso rau saum.alemic.
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Yim distillation
Feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem distillation siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov yooj yim distillation. Cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim no siv lub voos xwmfab lossis retort uas cov kua tau rhaub, lub condenser kom txias lub vapor, thiab lub nkoj los sau cov distillate. Thaum sib tov ntawm cov khoom yog rhuab, feem ntau volatile ntawm lawv, los yog ib tug uas muaj qis tshaj boiling point, yog distilled ua ntej, thiab ces lwm tus distilled, los yog tsis distilled tag nrho. Xws li cov cuab yeej yooj yim yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ntxuav cov kua dej uas tsis muaj cov khoom tsis hloov pauv, thiab zoo heev rau kev sib cais cov tshuaj nrog cov ntsiab lus kub sib txawv. Rau kev siv hauv chav kuaj, cov khoom siv feem ntau yog ua los ntawm iav thiab txuas nrog stoppers, roj hmab hoses, lossis iav raj. Ntawm qhov ntsuas kev lag luam, cov khoom siv yog ua los ntawm cov hlau lossis ceramic.
Fractional distillation
Ib txoj kev hu ua fractional, los yog sib txawv, distillation yog tsim los rau cov roj refining vim hais tias yooj yim distillation rau cais cov kua uas nws boiling ntsiab lus txawv me ntsis yog inefficient. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov vapors pheej condense thiab evaporate nyob rau hauv ib tug insulated ntsug thawv. Lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm no yog ua si los ntawm cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws qhuav, cov kab sib txuas thiab cov condensers, uas tso cai rau rov qab qee cov condensate rov qab mus rau qhov tseem. Lub hom phiaj yog kom ua tiav kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov theem sib txawv ntawm qhov sib xyaw kom tiavtsuas yog feem ntau volatile feem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug vapor mus txog lub receiver, thiab tus so rov qab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kua rau lub voos xwmfab. Kev lim dej ntawm cov khoom tsis hloov pauv raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov countercurrents yog hu ua rectification, los yog enrichment.
Multiple distillation
Txoj kev no tseem hu ua multi-stage flash evaporation. Qhov no yog lwm yam yooj yim distillation. Nws yog siv, piv txwv li, rau distilled dej nyob rau hauv loj coj mus muag desalination nroj tsuag. Hloov ua kua rau vapor tsis xav tau cua sov. Nws tsuas yog ntws los ntawm lub thawv nrog lub siab atmospheric siab mus rau lub thawv nrog lub siab qis. Qhov no ua rau evaporation sai, nrog rau cov condensation ntawm vapor rau hauv cov kua.
Nqus distillation
Ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem txo qis siv lub tshuab nqus tsev los tsim lub tshuab nqus tsev. Txoj kev no, hu ua "nqus distillation", yog qee zaum siv nrog cov tshuaj uas ib txwm boil ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los yog decompose thaum boiled nyob rau hauv ib txwm mob.
Nqus twj tso kua mis tsim lub siab nyob rau hauv kem, uas yog qis dua atmospheric siab. Ntxiv rau lawv, lub tshuab nqus tsev regulators siv. Kev tswj xyuas qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb heev vim tias kev sib cais ua haujlwm nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas kub thiab siab. Kev hloov qhov teeb tsa no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Nqus distillation yog paub zoo nyob rau hauv refineries. Cov txheej txheem distillation pa caisLub teeb hydrocarbons thiab impurities los ntawm hnyav hydrocarbons. Cov khoom seem yog raug rau lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm cais cov boiling hydrocarbons xws li roj thiab waxes ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov txheej txheem kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj cua sov thiab ua kom rov qab tau cov kuab tshuaj organic.
steam distillation yog dab tsi?
Chav distillation yog lwm txoj kev distillation ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv qab qhov kub ntawm qhov qub. Nws yog siv thaum cov tshuaj distilled yog immiscible thiab tsis chemically react nrog dej. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog fatty acids thiab soybean roj. Thaum lub sij hawm distillation, chav yog nkag mus rau hauv cov kua, uas heats nws thiab ua rau evaporation.
Distillation in a packed column
Txawm hais tias cov kab ntawv ntim feem ntau yog siv rau kev nqus, lawv kuj tau siv rau kev ua kom cov kua dej sib tov. Qhov kev tsim no muab thaj tsam loj ntawm kev sib cuag, uas ua rau kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Lwm lub npe rau cov qauv zoo li no yog kab kab distillation.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no. Cov khoom sib xyaw nyoos ntawm cov khoom sib txawv nrog cov volatility sib txawv yog pub rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kab. Cov kua ntws los ntawm lub nozzle, thiab lub vapor txav mus. Cov sib tov nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank nkag mus rau lub preheater thiab tawm nrog chav. Cov roj rushes los ntawm kev ntim khoom, khaws cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm cov kua, tawm hauv kem thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub condenser. Tom qab liquefaction, cov khoom nkagmus rau hauv lub phlegm collector, qhov twg nws yog cais mus rau hauv ib tug distillate thiab ib feem siv rau irrigation.
Ntau qhov sib txawv ua rau cov khoom tsis muaj zog tsawg dhau los ntawm theem vapor mus rau theem ua kua. Lub nozzle nce lub sijhawm thiab thaj tsam ntawm kev sib cuag, uas ua rau kom muaj kev sib cais zoo. Ntawm qhov hluav taws xob, cov vapor muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom tsis haum, thaum lawv cov concentration hauv cov kua yog tsawg.
Nozzles tau ntim rau hauv ntau thiab pob. Cov duab ntawm cov muab tub lim tuaj yeem yog random lossis geometrically structured. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo xws li av nplaum, porcelain, yas, ceramic, hlau, lossis graphite. Cov muab tub lim feem ntau muaj qhov ntev ntawm 3 mus rau 75 hli thiab muaj thaj chaw loj hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov vapor-kua sib tov. Bulk filling muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv siab, siab ua haujlwm siab thiab tus nqi qis.
Hlau fillers muaj lub zog siab thiab zoo wettability. Ceramics muaj ntau dua wettability, tab sis lawv tsis muaj zog. Cov yas muaj zog txaus, tab sis tsis ntub dej zoo ntawm qhov qis qis. Txij li cov khoom siv ceramic tuaj yeem tiv taus corrosion, lawv tau siv ntawm qhov kub siab uas cov yas tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus.
Package nozzles yog cov txheej txheem mesh, qhov ntev ntawm qhov sib xws rau txoj kab uas hla ntawm kem. Muab cov kab ntev rau cov kua thiab vapor ntws. Lawv kim dua, tab sis tso cai rau koj kom txo qis kev poob siab. Packet nozzles yog nyiam nyob rau hauv qhov tsawg txaus tus nqi thiab nyob rau hauv tsis tshua muaj siab tej yam kev mob. Lawv feem ntau yog ua los ntawm ntoo, ntawv hlau lossis woven mesh.
Siv hauv cov kuab tshuaj rov qab thiab kev lag luam petrochemical.
Distillation in distillation kem
Cov kab ke siv dav tshaj plaws. Tus naj npawb ntawm daim hlau nyob ntawm qhov xav tau purity thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm kev sib cais. Nws cuam tshuam qhov siab ntawm kab distillation.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no. Qhov sib tov yog pub rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov siab ntawm kab. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov concentration ua rau cov khoom tsis muaj zog tsawg dhau los ntawm cov dej vapor mus rau cov dej ntws. Cov roj uas tawm hauv lub condenser muaj cov khoom tsis zoo tshaj plaws, thaum cov khoom tsis muaj zog tsawg tawm los ntawm lub rhaub rau hauv cov kua dej.
Qhov geometry ntawm cov phiaj hauv kem cuam tshuam rau qib thiab hom kev sib cuag ntawm cov theem sib txawv ntawm cov sib tov. Structurely, lawv yog sieve, valve, cap, lattice, cascade, thiab lwm yam. Sieve trays, uas muaj qhov rau chav, yog siv los muab kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm tus nqi qis. Pheej yig dua valve tais, nyob rau hauv uas lub qhov qhib yog muab nrog qhib thiab kaw li qub, yog nquag mus clogging vim cov ntaub ntawv buildup. Cov kaus mom tau nruab nrog lub kaus mom uas tso cai rau cov vapor hla cov kua los ntawm qhov me me. Qhov no yog cov thev naus laus zis tshaj plaws thiab kim tshaj plaws, ua haujlwm ntawm cov nqi qis. Cov kua dej ntws los ntawm ib lub tais mus rau lwm qhov hauv cov kav dej ntsug.
Cov kab lus feem ntau yog siv los rov qab cov kuab tshuaj los ntawm cov txheej txheem pov tseg. Lawv kuj tau siv los rov qab methanol hauv kev ua kom qhuav. Cov dej tawm los ua cov khoom ua kua, thiab cov khoom pov tseg uas tsis hloov pauv mus rau theem vapor. Qhov no yog dab tsi distillation hauv kab distillation yog.
Cryogenic distillation
Cryogenic distillation yog daim ntawv thov ntawm cov txheej txheem distillation rau cov roj cua txias rau lub xeev ua kua. Lub kaw lus ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub qis dua -150 ° C. Rau qhov no, cov cua kub exchangers thiab coils yog siv. Tag nrho cov qauv yog hu ua cryogenic block. Liquefied gases nkag mus rau hauv chav tsev thiab distilled ntawm qhov kub thiab txias heev. Cryogenic distillation kab tuaj yeem ntim thiab ntim. Batch tsim yog nyiam dua li cov khoom siv tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Ib qho ntawm cov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob cryogenic yog kev sib cais ntawm huab cua rau hauv nws cov roj av.
Extractive distillation
Extractive distillation siv cov tshuaj ntxiv uas ua raws li cov kuab tshuaj los hloov cov txheeb ze volatility ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv kem extractive, ib tug hnyav yog ntxiv rau cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau muab cais. Cov khoom ntawm cov kwj dej yuav tsum tau rov qab ua ke nrog cov kuab tshuaj thiab tawm hauv cov kua theem. Lwm cov khoom evaporates thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub distillate. Thib ob khiav musLwm kem tso cai rau cov khoom sib cais los ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, uas tom qab ntawd rov qab mus rau theem dhau los kom rov ua lub voj voog.
Extractive distillation yog siv los cais cov tebchaw nrog cov ntsiab lus kub kub thiab azeotropic sib tov. Extractive distillation tsis yog thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam raws li cov pa distillation vim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov txheej txheem kom tau txais cellulose. Cov kuab tshuaj organic cais cov cellulose los ntawm lignin, thiab qhov thib ob distillation tsim cov khoom ntshiab.
