Nyob hauv nws cov dej num, ib tug neeg siv ntau yam khoom thiab cov khoom zoo. Thiab tsis tseem ceeb yog lawv lub zog thiab kev ntseeg siab. Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej thiab cov khoom tsim tawm yuav tau tham hauv kab lus no.
Common Standard
txhawm rau txiav txim siab lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv, Mohs nplai yog siv - ntsuas ntsuas qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom los ntawm nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau khawb. Rau cov layman, cov khoom nyuaj tshaj plaws yog pob zeb diamond. Koj yuav xav tsis thoob, tab sis cov pob zeb no tsuas yog qhov chaw hauv 10 qhov chaw ntawm qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Qhov nruab nrab, cov khoom siv yog suav tias yog superhard yog tias nws cov nqi siab tshaj 40 GPa. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, qhov xwm ntawm nws cov keeb kwm yuav tsum tau muab coj los rau hauv tus account. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub zog thiab kav ntev feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam ntawm nws.
Cov khoom nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb
Hauv seem no, peb yuav xyuam xim rau cov tshuaj sib xyaw nrog cov qauv siv lead ua txawv txawv, uas muaj zog ntau dua li pob zeb diamond thiab tuaj yeem khawb nws zoo. Wb cojsab saum toj 6 cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tshaj plaws uas tib neeg tsim, pib nrog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws.
- Carbon nitride - boron. Qhov kev ua tiav ntawm chemistry niaj hnub no muaj qhov ntsuas lub zog ntawm 76 GPa.
- Graphene airgel (aerographene) yog cov khoom siv 7 lub sij hawm sib zog dua huab cua, uas kho nws cov duab tom qab 90% compression. Cov khoom siv ruaj khov zoo heev uas tuaj yeem nqus tau 900 npaug ntawm nws qhov hnyav hauv cov kua lossis roj. Cov khoom no yog npaj los siv rau hauv cov roj nchuav.
- Graphene yog ib qho kev tsim tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv ruaj khov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Ib me ntsis txog nws hauv qab no.
- Carbin yog cov kab hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa roj carbon allotropic, los ntawm qhov uas super-nyias (1 atom) thiab cov raj muaj zog super. Tau ntev, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem tsim lub raj zoo li no nrog qhov ntev ntawm ntau tshaj 100 atoms. Tab sis Austrian kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Vienna tau tswj kom kov yeej qhov teeb meem no. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias yav dhau los carbine tau tsim nyob rau hauv me me thiab yog kim heev, hnub no nws muaj peev xwm ua ke nws hauv tons. Qhov no qhib rau lub qab ntug tshiab rau qhov chaw thev naus laus zis thiab dhau mus.
- Elbor (kingsongite, cubonite, borazone) yog nanodesigned compound uas tau siv dav niaj hnub no hauv kev ua hlau. Hardness - 108 GPa.
Fullerite yog cov khoom siv tawv tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb paub rau tib neeg niaj hnub no. Nws lub zog ntawm 310 GPa tau lees paub los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws tsis muaj cov atoms ntawm tus kheej, tab sis ntawm cov molecules. Cov pob zeb no yuav yooj yim khawb pob zeb diamond zoo li rab riam
txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg txhais tes
Graphene yog lwm qhov kev tsim kho ntawm noob neej raws li kev hloov kho allotropic ntawm carbon. Nws zoo li nyias zaj duab xis ib atom tuab, tab sis 200 lub sij hawm muaj zog dua hlau, nrog rau qhov yooj yooj yim.
Nws yog hais txog graphene uas lawv hais tias txhawm rau txhawm rau nws, tus ntxhw yuav tsum sawv ntawm lub ntsis cwj mem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity yog 100 lub sij hawm siab dua li cov silicon ntawm lub computer chips. Tsis ntev los no, nws yuav tawm hauv chav kuaj thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub ntawm cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, xov tooj ntawm tes thiab cov tshuab computer niaj hnub.
Ob qhov txiaj ntsig tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis sib xws
Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj cov tshuaj tsawg heev uas muaj lub zog zoo kawg.
- Boron nitride yog ib yam khoom uas nws cov muaju muaj cov duab wurtzite. Nrog rau daim ntawv thov ntawm cov loads, kev sib txuas ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua lattice yog redistributed, nce lub zog los ntawm 75%. Lub hardness index yog 114 GPa. Cov tshuaj no yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm volcanic eruptions, nws yog heev me me nyob rau hauv xwm.
- Lonsdaleite (hauv daim duab tseem ceeb) yog ib qho allotropic carbon compound. Cov khoom tau pom nyob rau hauv lub meteorite crater thiab xav tias tau tsim los ntawm graphite nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tawg. Lub hardness index yog 152 GPa. Tsis tshua pom muaj nyob hauv xwm.
Ntxhais tsiaj qus
Ntawm cov neeg muaj sia nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, muaj cov uas muaj qee yam tshwj xeeb.
- Web of Caaerotris darwini. Cov xov uas Darwin tus kab laug sab emits muaj zog dua hlau thiabnyuaj tshaj kevlar. Nws yog lub vev xaib no uas NASA cov kws tshawb fawb tau coj los ua kev pabcuam hauv kev tsim kho qhov chaw tiv thaiv.
- Clam hniav Hiav txwv limpet - lawv cov qauv fibrous tam sim no tau kawm los ntawm bionics. Lawv muaj zog heev lawv cia cov mollusk rhuav tshem cov algae uas tau loj hlob rau hauv pob zeb.
Iron birch
Ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej yog Schmidt's birch. Nws cov ntoo yog cov khoom siv nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm cov keeb kwm lom neeg. Nws loj hlob hauv Far East hauv Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve thiab tau teev nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Liab. Lub zog yog piv rau hlau thiab cam khwb cia hlau. Tab sis nws tsis raug corrosion thiab lwj.
Kev siv thoob plaws ntawm Schmidt birch ntoo, uas txawm tias cov mos txwv tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus tau, cuam tshuam los ntawm nws qhov tsis tshua muaj tshwj xeeb.
Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau
Qhov no yog xiav-dawb hlau - chrome. Tab sis nws lub zog nyob ntawm nws purity. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, nws muaj 0.02%, uas tsis yog tsawg heev. Nws yog muab rho tawm los ntawm silicate pob zeb. Meteorites poob rau lub ntiaj teb kuj muaj chromium ntau.
Nws yog corrosion resistant, kub resistant thiab refractory. Chromium muaj nyob rau hauv ntau cov alloys (chromium steel, nichrome) uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab nyob rau hauv anti-corrosion hniav coatings.
Nyob ua ke
Ib qho hlau zoo, tab sis qee qhov kev sib txuas tuaj yeem muab cov khoom zoo rau cov hlau.
A super-muaj zog alloy ntawm titanium thiab kub yog tib yam khoom muaj zog uas tau ua pov thawj tias biocompatible nrog cov ntaub so ntswg nyob. Lub beta-Ti3Au alloy muaj zog heev uas nwstsis yooj yim rau grind nyob rau hauv ib tug mortar. Nws twb paub meej hnub no tias qhov no yog yav tom ntej ntawm ntau yam kev cog qoob loo, cov pob qij txha thiab pob txha. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem siv rau qhov drilling, khoom siv ua kis las thiab ntau qhov chaw hauv peb lub neej.
Ib qho hlau ntawm palladium, nyiaj thiab qee cov metalloids tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws. Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm lub koom haum C altech tab tom ua haujlwm rau txoj haujlwm no hnub no.
yav tom ntej ntawm $20 ib skein
Dab tsi yog cov khoom siv nyuaj tshaj plaws uas leej twg nyob hauv txoj kev tuaj yeem yuav hnub no? Tsuas yog $ 20, koj tuaj yeem yuav 6 meters ntawm Braeön daim kab xev. Txij li xyoo 2017, nws tau muag los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom Dustin McWilliams. Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom yog khaws cia rau hauv kev ntseeg siab nruj, tab sis nws cov khoom zoo yog amazing.
Txhua yam tuaj yeem txuas nrog daim kab xev. Ua li no, nws yuav tsum tau qhwv ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw yuav tsum tau fastened, rhuab nrog ib tug zoo tib yam sib sib zog nqus, cov yas muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum tau muab lub Desired duab thiab hais tias yog nws. Tom qab txias, qhov sib koom ua ke yuav tiv taus qhov hnyav ntawm 1 tuj.
Nyob rau xyoo 2017, cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim txog kev tsim cov khoom zoo kawg nkaus - qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab softest nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Cov metamaterial no tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Michigan. Lawv tau kawm paub tswj cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab ua kom nws nthuav tawm ntau yam khoom.
Piv txwv li, thaum siv nws los tsim tsheb, lub cev yuav nruj thaum tsiv, thiab mos thaum sib tsoo. Lub cev nqus tau lub zog tiv tauj thiab tiv thaiv tus neeg caij tsheb.
