Tus qauv thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb txiav txim siab tsis yog tsuas yog kev txhim kho xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev yooj yim ntawm cov dej hiav txwv hauv av. Ob pawg neeg muaj qhov txawv ntawm no: lub roob dej hiav txwv raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust thiab nruab nrab ridge nrog abyssal plains thiab trenches.
kev sim ntsuas
Txhawm rau sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus qauv ntawm cov dej hiav txwv hauv av, ib lub ntiaj teb ib leeg tau tsim. Mid-dej hiav txwv ridges nyob yuav luag nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ntsiab dej hiav txwv qhov chaw, faib lawv mus rau hauv sib npaug zos qhov chaw. Muaj ntau qhov kev sim ntawm kev faib tawm. Menard, piv txwv li, paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv li no:
- dav hauv qab dej ridges nrog pronounced seismicity (xws li East Pacific);
- nqaim submarine ridges nrog txoj kab nqes hav thiab seismic kev ua si (ex. Mid-Atlantic Ridge);
- nqaim thiab ntxhab, tab sis tsis muaj seismically active underwater ridges (xws li Mid-Pacific thiab Tuamotu).
Raws li GB Udintsev, mid-ocean ridges tsis muaj analogues ntawm thaj av. D. G. Panov hais txog lub submarine ridges nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Pacific mus rau lub ces kaum ntawm lub platform - sab hauv thiab sab nrauv - thiab xam lawv li analogues ntawm lub continental platforms. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv tectonic ntawm Mid Range tsis tuaj yeem raug cais raws li thaj av tectonics. Lub amplitude ntawm tectonic hloov yog loj heev thiab qhov extension yog grandiose txheeb ze rau continental - terrestrial lug.
Kev
Ib qho ntawm cov qauv pob zeb ntau tshaj plaws hauv dej hiav txwv yog dej hiav txwv swells. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog sawv cev los ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific. Muaj ob hom:
- hom tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob nce ntxiv nrog cov pob zeb qub tshaj plaws hauv cov tub ntxhais;
- dej hiav txwv swells nrog tshwm sim volcanic cones, suav nrog volcanoes uas ploj lawm (guyotes).
sijhawm kawm
Lub hnub nyoog ntawm Sredinny Ridge yog txiav txim los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub pob zeb - nws puas yog continental lossis dej hiav txwv. Ntau qhov chaw tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog kev sib txuas nrog cov qauv alpine, tawg heev thiab tob tob rau hauv dej hiav txwv. Piv txwv li, thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab ntawm lub hiav txwv tawm Fiji.
Nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges ntawm anticline hom - maj mam slopes, cais thiab tsis tshua muaj underwater volcanoes - yuav luag tsis dissected. Cov no yog cov uas nyuam qhuav tsim thiab yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm deformation ntawm dej hiav txwv pem teb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm platform fragmentation thiab khaus seismicity thiab volcanism. Raws li koj paub, txhua yam no tau pib thaum Cenozoic-Quaternary. Anticlinal formations - mid hiav txwvridges - tab tom tsim thiab loj hlob nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no.
Qhov thib ob ntawm pob zeb tsim nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv - dej hiav txwv shafts - yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov siab dua thiab ntev. Elongated linear uplifts nrog maj mam slopes muaj ntau thinner crust. Muaj ntau qhov nruab nrab ntug dej hiav txwv muaj cov qauv no. Piv txwv: South Pacific, Eastern Pacific, thiab ntau dua.
Cov no yog cov qauv qub qub, cov roob hluav taws tsim rau lawv nyob rau lub sijhawm Tertiary, thiab tsim cov seamounts txuas ntxiv tom qab. Kev tawg ntawm qhov ua txhaum tob tau rov ua dua ntau zaus.
qauv ntawm qhov nruab nrab ridge
Dej hiav txwv ridges nyob rau hauv crushing aav yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Qhov sib faib ntse tshaj plaws yog pom nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas Mid-Ocean Ridges tsim, xws li Atlantic thiab Indian Oceans, South Pacific, Dej Hiav Txwv Southern los ntawm Africa, thaj tsam ntawm Australia thiab Antarctica.
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv no yog qhov grabens (qhov tob tob) ciam teb ntawm qhov siab (txog peb mais) peaks, sib tshuam nrog cov pob hluav taws kub nce siab. Ib me ntsis zoo li lub cim alpine ntawm cov qauv, tab sis muaj ntau qhov sib txawv, qhov kev faib tawm yog ntau tshaj li nyob rau hauv lub continental qauv ntawm lub roob txoj siv sia.
Nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov thib ob (thiab ntau qhov feem ntau) kev txiav txim siab, uas muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab thiab tag nrho nws txoj kab nqes, peb tuaj yeem tham txog cov cim ntawm kev tsim kho tsis ntev los no. Tom qab ntawd nyob rau sab qis ntawm txoj kab nqes tseem muaj cov chaw zoo li terrace nrog ledges sib cais los ntawm ib leeg.phooj ywg. Cov no yog cov kauj ruam dhau los. Qhov tseem ceeb yog lub rift valley uas bisects nruab nrab ridge.
Ntev npaum li cas lub ntiaj teb kev ua txhaum dej hiav txwv txuas ntxiv yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov loj ntawm thaj chaw crushing. Qhov no yog daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm tectonics hauv ntu kawg ntawm lub sijhawm geological zoo. Cov qauv tectonic ntawm qhov nruab nrab ridge tuaj yeem sib txawv. Piv txwv li, Kamchatka yog thaj tsam ntawm cov txheej txheem tectonic nquag, volcanism muaj niaj hnub thiab tsis tu ncua. Cov daim hlau lithospheric ntawm Okhotsk thaiv txheej txheem cov dej hiav txwv crust, tsim lub teb chaws, thiab nruab nrab ntug ntawm Kamchatka yog cov khoom ntawm kev saib xyuas tas li ntawm cov txheej txheem no.
Qhov chaw
Cov daim hlau lithospheric nyob rau hauv kev txav, thiab thaum tsiv sib nrug (qhov kev sib txawv), lawv cov dej hiav txwv dej tau hloov pauv. Lub txaj ntawm dej hiav txwv nce siab, ua rau nruab nrab ntawm dej hiav txwv ridges. Lawv tau raug cais nyob rau hauv tsib caug ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no system nrog lub active kev koom tes ntawm lub Soviet Union.
Nrab ntug hiav txwv dej muaj tag nrho ntev tshaj li rau caum txhiab kilometers. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pib los ntawm Gakkel Ridge hauv Arctic Dej hiav txwv - los ntawm Hiav Txwv Laptev mus rau Svalbard. Tom qab ntawd txuas ntxiv yam tsis tau rhuav nws txoj kab mus rau sab qab teb. Nyob ntawd, Mid-Atlantic Ridge ncav cuag Bouvet Island.
Ntxiv mus, tus taw qhia coj mus rau sab hnub poob - qhov no yog Asmeskas-Antarctic ridge, thiab mus rau sab hnub tuaj - raws African-Antarctic, txuas ntxiv mus rau Southwestern Indian Dej hiav txwv. Ntawm no dua qhov kev sib tshuam triple - Arabian-Indian ridgeua raws li cov meridian, thiab cov Dej Hiav Txwv Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj mus rau Australo-Antarctic.
Qhov no tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm kab. Kev txuas ntxiv raws South Pacific Rise, tig mus rau East Pacific Rise, uas mus rau sab qaum teb mus rau California, mus rau San Andreas Fault. Tom ntej no los txog nruab nrab ntawm Juan de Fuca - mus rau Canada.
Kev ncig lub ntiaj teb ntau dua ib zaug, cov kab kos los ntawm tus taw qhia kom meej meej qhia qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm dej hiav txwv ridges. Lawv nyob txhua qhov chaw.
Txhob Cia Siab
Cov ntug dej hiav txwv nruab nrab yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb zoo li lub caj dab loj txog li ib thiab ib nrab txhiab mais dav, thaum lawv qhov siab tshaj cov phiab tuaj yeem yog peb lossis plaub kilometers. Qee lub sij hawm crevices protrude los ntawm qhov tob ntawm dej hiav txwv, tsim cov Islands tuaj, feem ntau volcanic.
Txawm tias lub roob ntawm lub roob nws tus kheej ncav cuag qhov dav ntawm ib puas kilometers. Lub ntse dissection ntawm lub nyem thiab cov qauv me me ntawm nws tus kheej muab kev zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb. Raws li lub axis ntawm lub ridge, feem ntau yog khiav ib tug rift kwj ntawm peb caug kilometers dav nrog ib tug axial rift (ib tug plaub-tsib-kilometer dav sib txawv ntau pua meters siab).
Nyob hauv qab ntawm qhov kev sib cais muaj cov tub ntxhais hluas roob hluav taws ncig los ntawm hydrotherms - cov dej kub uas tawm cov hlau sulfides (nyiaj, lead, cadmium, hlau, tooj liab, zinc). Av qeeg me me nyob ntawm no.
Nyob rau hauv cov axial rifts muaj magma chambers txuas los ntawm ib tug kilometer-ntev, uas yog, es nqaim, channel nrog central eruptions nyob rau hauv qab ntawm qhov sib txawv. Ob sab ntawm lub ridges yog dav npaum li cas tshaj lub ridge - pua pua thiab pua pua kilometers. Lawv npog nrog cov txheej ntawm lava deposits.
Tsis yog txhua qhov txuas hauvCov txheej txheem zoo ib yam: qee qhov nruab nrab ntawm dej hiav txwv ridges dav dua thiab maj mam dua, tsis yog lub rift kwj ha lawv muaj ledge ntawm dej hiav txwv crust. Piv txwv li, East Pacific Rise, nrog rau South Pacific thiab lwm qhov.
Txhua qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog dissected los ntawm kev hloov pauv (uas yog, hloov pauv) ua txhaum ntau qhov chaw. Raws li cov faults no, cov axes ntawm cov ridges tau tsiv mus nyob ib ncig ntawm ntau pua kilometers. Kev hla tau tawg mus rau hauv troughs, piv txwv li kev nyuaj siab, qee qhov tob txog yim kilometers tob.
Lub roob siab tshaj plaws hauv qab dej
Qhov ntev tshaj plaws nruab nrab ntug dej hiav txwv yog nyob rau hauv qab ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic. Nws cais North American thiab Eurasian tectonic daim hlau. Lub Mid-Atlantic Ridge yog 18,000 kilometers ntev. Nws yog ib feem ntawm plaub caug txhiab kilometers dej hiav txwv ridge system.
Lub caij nruab nrab hauv qab Atlantic muaj ntau qhov me me: Knipovich thiab Mona ridges, Icelandic-Yanmayetsky thiab Reykjanes, nrog rau cov loj heev - ntau tshaj yim txhiab mais ntev, North Atlantic. Ridge thiab kaum thiab ib nrab txhiab mais - South Atlantic Atlantic.
Ntawm no cov roob siab heev uas lawv tsim cov Islands tuaj: cov no yog Azores, thiab Bermuda, thiab txawm tias Iceland, St. Helena, Ascension Island, Bouvet, Gough, Tristan da Cunha thiab ntau qhov me.
Geological suav hais tias qhov nruab nrab qhov nruab nrab no tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm Triassic. Transverse faults hloov axis mus txog rau puas kilometers. Lub sab sauv ntawm lub Ridge muaj tholeiiticbas alts, thiab qis dua yog amphibolites thiab ophiolites.
Ntiaj Teb System
Cov qauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv dej hiav txwv yog 60,000-kilometer-ntev Mid-Ocean Ridges. Lawv faib lub hiav txwv Atlantic ua ob yuav luag sib npaug, thiab Dej Hiav Txwv Indian ua peb ntu. Nyob rau hauv lub Pacific, qhov nruab nrab me ntsis cia peb nqes: lub caj dab ntawm ridges tsiv mus rau sab, mus rau South America, ces mus rau lub isthmus ntawm lub continents thiaj li mus nyob rau hauv lub mainland ntawm North America.
Txawm tias nyob hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Arctic me me muaj Gakkel Ridge, qhov twg cov qauv tectonic ntawm nruab nrab-ridge pom meej, uas yog sib npaug rau nruab nrab dej hiav txwv uplift.
Cov qhov o loj ntawm cov dej hiav txwv hauv av yog thaj tsam ntawm cov phiaj xwm lithospheric. Qhov saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog npog nrog cov phiaj ntawm cov phiaj no, uas tsis nyob hauv qhov chaw: lawv niaj hnub nkag mus rau sab saum toj ntawm ib leeg, rhuav tshem cov npoo, tso cov magma thiab tsim lub cev tshiab nrog nws cov kev pab. Yog li, North American Phaj npog ob tus neeg nyob ze ib zaug nrog nws cov ntug, tsim cov ridges ntawm Juan de Fuca thiab Gorda. Kev nthuav dav, cov phaj lithospheric feem ntau cuam tshuam thiab nqus cov chaw ntawm cov phiaj nyob ze. Cov teb chaws txom nyem tshaj plaws los ntawm qhov no. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua si, lawv zoo li hummocks: lub hiav txwv crust mus nyob rau hauv lub mainland, nqa nws, crushing thiab tawg nws.
Rift zones
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm txhua ntu ntawm cov ridges, magma ntws nce, ncab lub ntiaj teb crust, rhuav nws cov npoo. Pouring tawm mus rau hauv qab, lub magma cools down, nce qhov loj ntawm lub ridge. Cesib feem tshiab ntawm lub mantle yaj so thiab crushes lub hauv paus tshiab, thiab txhua yam rov ua dua. Qhov no yog li cas lub ntiaj teb crust hlob nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv. Txoj kev no hu ua kev sib kis.
Tus nqi ntawm kev sib kis (tsim ntawm cov dej hiav txwv hauv av) txiav txim siab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tsos ntawm cov ridges ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov. Thiab qhov no yog nrog tib cov qauv. Qhov twg qhov nrawm sib txawv, lub ridge hauv nyem kuj hloov tag nrho.
Qhov twg qhov sib kis tsawg (piv txwv li Tajoura Rift), cov hav dej loj hauv qab tau tsim nrog cov volcanoes nquag nyob hauv qab. Lawv immersion hauv qab lub ridge yog hais txog plaub puas meters, los ntawm qhov uas muaj ib tug maj mam terrace zoo li sawv ntawm ib puas - ib puas thiab tsib caug meters txhua. Muaj kev sib cais zoo li no hauv Hiav Txwv Liab thiab hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Cov roob dej hiav txwv no loj hlob qeeb, ob peb centimeters hauv ib xyoos.
Thaum qhov kev sib kis ceev ceev, cov ridges (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntu ntu) zoo li no: lub hauv paus nce yog ib nrab ib kilometer siab tshaj lub ntsiab nyem thiab yog zoo li tus saw ntawm volcanoes. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog East Pacific Rise. Ntawm no lub hav tsis muaj sij hawm los tsim, thiab tus nqi ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv yog siab heev - 18-20 centimeters ib xyoo. Ua li no, lub hnub nyoog ntawm qhov nruab nrab ridge kuj txiav txim tau.
Qhov tshwm sim tshwj xeeb - "cov neeg haus luam yeeb dub"
Cov qauv tectonic ntawm nruab nrab-ridge tso cai rau qhov nthuav dav zoo li "cov neeg haus luam yeeb dub" tshwm sim. Kub lava heats dej hiav txwv mus rau peb puas thiab tsib caug degrees. Cov dej yuav tau tawm hauv chav yog tias tsis muaj qhov siab kawg ntawm dej hiav txwv thaum lub sijhawmntau kilometers tuab.
Lava nqa ntau yam tshuaj uas, thaum yaj hauv dej, tsim sulfuric acid thaum sib cuam tshuam. Sulfuric acid, nyob rau hauv lem, dissolves thiab reacts nrog ntau cov minerals nyob rau hauv lub erupted lava los ua leej faj thiab hlau tebchaw (sulfides).
Cov pob zeb ntog tawm ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub khob hliav qab txog xya caum metres siab, sab hauv uas tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam saum toj no txuas ntxiv mus. Cov kev daws teeb meem kub ntawm sulphides sawv lub khob hliav qab thiab tawg dawb hauv cov huab dub.
zoo saib heev. Muaj tseeb, nws yog qhov txaus ntshai los mus ze. Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog qhov zais thiab nquag ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub khob hliav qab yog ntau pua meters siab. Thiab ntau dua li tus pej thuam Ostankino piv txwv. Thaum muaj ntau lub cones, nws zoo nkaus li tias ib qho chaw hauv av (thiab hauv qab dej) zais cia chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau ntawd. Feem ntau lawv pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho pawg.
Nqe nruab nrab ntawm Kamchatka
toj roob hauv pes ntawm ceg av qab teb yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Lub roob, uas yog ib qho dej ntws ntawm Kamchatka Peninsula - Sredinny Ridge. Nws ntev yog 1200 kilometers, khiav los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb thiab dais ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm volcanoes - feem ntau yog shield-shaped thiab stratovolcanoes. Kuj tseem muaj lava toj siab, thiab ib lub roob toj siab, nrog rau cov peaks cais uas npog nrog glaciers nyob mus ib txhis. Lub Bystrinsky, Kozyrevsky thiab Malkinsky ridges sawv tawm kom meej meej.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws - 3621 meters - Ichinskaya Sopka. Yuav luag ntawm qhov sib npaug nrog nws muaj ntau lub roob hluav taws: Alnai, Khuvkhoytun, Shishel, Ostraya Sopka. Lub ridge muaj nees nkaum yim hla thiab kaum ib lub ncov, ib tug lojib txhia yog nyob rau sab qaum teb. Qhov nruab nrab yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws, nyob rau sab qab teb muaj qhov sib cais siab rau hauv asymmetric arrays.
Cov qauv tectonic ntawm Sredinny Ridge ntawm Kamchatka tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev ntawm daim phiaj lithospheric loj tshaj plaws - Pacific, Kula, North American thiab Eurasian.
