Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv cov ntawv lo lus yog txhais tau tias, cov cuab yeej uas pab kom tau txais cov txuj ci tshiab thiab kev paub, nthuav cov theoretical puag. Lawv tso cai rau koj kom paub meej lossis ua pov thawj cov no uas tau teev tseg hauv daim ntawv.
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb hauv daim ntawv, yog li hauv txhua kis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum xaiv lawv kom raug.
Qhov tseem ceeb
Kev tshawb fawb hauv cov ntawv sau cia koj tsim qhov tseeb, nkag siab thiab piav qhia qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, thiab yog tias tsim nyog, hloov pauv mus rau qhov raug. Thaum xaiv lawv, nws yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lub ntsiab lus, khoom, kev tshawb fawb lub hom phiaj.
Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev nkag siab lub ntsiab lus, lub hom phiaj, xaiv cov algorithm ntawm kev ua. Wb mus saib lawv.
Faib txoj kev tshawb fawb rau hauvterm paper ua ob pawg:
- empirical;
- theoretical.
Kev Tshawb Fawb
Pab pawg no suav nrog:
- analogy;
- abstraction;
- kev cais;
- benchmark;
- generalization;
- tsom xam thiab kawm cov ntaub ntawv;
- xav txog cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg.
Raws li xav tau, koj tuaj yeem siv ib lossis ntau txoj hauv kev no. Daim ntawv qhia ua haujlwm li cas? Txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb pab tsim cov ntaub ntawv hauv ib qho laj thawj.
Kev tshawb fawb
Pab pawg no suav nrog cov kev xaiv hauv qab no:
- kev soj ntsuam;
- simulation;
- experiments;
- kev sib tham lossis sib tham;
- ntsuas, xam;
- description;
- pawg
Lawv yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm hauv qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Nws nyob ntawm no tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov kev xaiv xaiv tau piav qhia, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm nws siv.
Koj tsis tuaj yeem xaiv txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tshawb fawb pedagogical. Cov chav kawm yuav tsum tau sau nrog lub laj thawj rau kev xaiv, qhia txog nws qhov cuam tshuam rau ib qho khoom siv.
Kev xaiv piv txwv
Yuav ua li cas xaiv txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv cov ntawv? Ib qho piv txwv yog muab rau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog biology. Cia peb hais tias koj xav xav txog kev loj hlob ntawm pob kws nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, armed nrog ib tug lej qauv raws li qhov tsawg tshaj plaws squares. Raws liKev txiav txim siab tuaj yeem sau tseg qhov ua tau ntawm kev xav txog tag nrho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais. Ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb uas ua tim khawv rau kev ywj pheej ntawm tus sau, peb qhia txog qhov tsis muaj lwm yam haujlwm uas zoo sib xws.
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm txoj kev theoretical
Lawv tsis koom nrog cov tswv yim ua, kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj. Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb uas siv los sau cov ntaub ntawv kawm.
Kev paub daws teeb meem yog ua raws li kev qhia meej txog qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom lossis cov lus piav qhia ntawm qhov tshwm sim uas tau txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb.
Nws lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias cov tub ntxhais kawm tshuaj xyuas qhov zoo lossis cov khoom ntawm cov ncauj lus thiab cov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsim nyog rau kev sau ntawv, tsis suav nrog lwm tus yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom.
Abstraction yog ib txoj hauv kev nrhiav ntau tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg. Nrog nws cov kev pab, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab cov qauv tseem ceeb hauv pedagogy, psychology, philosophy.
Raws li piv txwv ntawm kev paub daws teeb meem, peb tuaj yeem xav txog kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, uas feem ntau muab faib ua ntau yam, hom, hom. Kev siv txoj kev no yuav pab tshem tawm cov yam ntxwv xws li luam tawm, tshaj tawm, ib hom ntawv, kom tsis txhob tawm ntawm cov khoom thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Raws li qhov kev txiav txim siab uas tus tub ntxhais kawm ua los ntawm kev paub daws teeb meem, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raws li cov txiaj ntsig uas cuam tshuam txog kev xav, kev kos duab, lwm yam kev xav, muaj peev xwm los qhia txoj haujlwm ntawm tus sau.
Analogy
Cov kev tshawb fawb no yog dab tsi? Cov ncauj lus ntawm chav kawm ua haujlwm xaiv los ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv yog thawj zaug kuaj xyuas qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov khoom ntawm kev kawm nrog cov ntaub ntawv npaj tau, tom qab ntawd txiav txim siab txog qhov tsim nyog, tsim nyog, thiab muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov tshiab ntawm cov khoom.
Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tau txais 100% qhov txiaj ntsig siv qhov piv txwv, tab sis txoj kev no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb ntuj.
Kev faib tawm yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws siv hauv kev tshawb fawb. Nws cov ntsiab lus nyob hauv kev tsim, faib ua pawg ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev kawm raws li cov qauv zoo sib xws:
- khoom siv (porcelain, faience, yas, ntoo);
- styles (classic, gothic, baroque);
- lub cev zoo (ntim, qhov hnyav, hnyav)
Tseem muaj kev faib raws li kev koom nrog thaj chaw, keeb kwm. Qhov no muaj tseeb rau cov keeb kwm sciences. Nyob ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv chav kawm, tus sau tuaj yeem siv lwm txoj hauv kev los cuam tshuam cov khoom siv.
Summarization yog ib txoj hauv kev nrhiav tom qab thaum sau cov haujlwm muaj tswv yim. Thaum nws siv, ob peb yam khoom thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv cov blocks loj raws li qee qhov zoo sib xws txhawm rau txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav qhov tsis sib xws thiab cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
Muaj ntau hom:
- empirical (inductive), suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab cov yam ntxwv rau kev txwv dav dav;
- tsom xam, hais txog kev hloov ntawm ib qho kev txiav txim mus rau lwm qhov, hais txogtxoj kev xav yam tsis muaj daim ntawv thov ntawm kev muaj tiag
Siv txoj kev no ntau zaus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib lub sij hawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv chemistry, tom qab ib tug series ntawm kev sim, tus sau yuav tsum sau cov ntsiab lus tau los ntawm nws, kos ib tug xaus. Txoj kev no kuj tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm hauv biology.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam sib piv yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb siv los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Nws suav nrog kev sib piv ntawm cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam khoom, nrog rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem siv tau thaum txheeb xyuas pab pawg hauv chav kawm, ua qhov kev kuaj mob ntxov ntawm qhov khoom plig.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam sib piv yog qhov tsim nyog thaum ntsuas ntau yam ntawm ib lub tsheb. Thaum kawm cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog siv los sib piv cov kev kos duab uas siv los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv sib txawv.
Ntawm cov txheej txheem uas siv tau thaum sau ib lo lus ntawv, kev sib txuas yog qhov txaus siab. Nws yog to taub raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom. Piv txwv li, synthesis tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov khw muag khoom los txheeb xyuas qhov xwm txheej dav dav, ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim khoom.
Summarize
Tam sim no, cov tub ntxhais kawm ua tiav cov ntawv sau hauv ntau yam kev kawm. Txawm hais tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab, khoom siv, kev siv lub cev raug txiav txim siab, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xaiv txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev txiav txim siab txog qhov teeb meem.
Nyob ntawm qhov khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm, koj tuaj yeem ua tauarm koj tus kheej nrog scientific los yog tswv yim txoj kev. Piv txwv li, cov ntaub ntawv hauv chemistry yog qhov ua tau zoo dua, yog li kev tsom xam, kev sib txuas, kev nthuav dav yuav xav tau.
