Ecology, piv rau botany, zoology lossis anatomy, yog ib qho kev qhuab qhia me me uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws suav nrog kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom nyob thiab lawv cov zej zog ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab ib puag ncig lub cev. Ib qho ntawm nws cov seem - synecology - kev tshawb fawb ecology thiab nws cov kab mob nyob uas yog ib feem ntawm biogeocenoses: nroj tsuag, kab, fungi, tsiaj txhu hauv kev sib cuam tshuam. Kev tshawb fawb nws tus kheej pib los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb xws li L. Dollo, O. Abel, D. N. Kashkarov, V. N. Sukachev.
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav tau paub txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ntu no ntawm ecology thiab nrhiav pom cov qauv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ecological systems.
YBiogeocenoses ua cov khoom ntawm biosphere
Kev sib sau ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv - cov pej xeem - tsis nyob ib leeg. Lawv koom ua ke hauv cov zej zog loj - biocenoses. Ntxiv mus, ntawm cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug muabecosystems, ntau yam kev sib raug zoo tshwm sim, piv txwv li, xws li allelopathy, parasitism, kev sib nrig sib, kev sib tw, trophocenotic kev sib txuas. Synecology kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob uas yog ib feem ntawm biogeocenosis, thiab tseem tshawb txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj subsystems uas tsim lub zej zog nyob.
txhais li cas los ntawm ecological system
Tam sim no, tsis yog tsuas yog lo lus "biogeocenosis" nquag siv hauv kev tshawb fawb ib puag ncig, tab sis kuj muaj lub tswv yim xws li "ecosystem" qhia los ntawm A. Tansley. Ob lo lus yog siv los hais txog tej yam ntuj tso complexes thiab lawv cov Cheebtsam: phytocommunities thiab tsiaj cov pejxeem uas synecology kev tshawb fawb raws li lub tswvyim ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob nyob nrog lawv ib puag ncig. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ntawm ob lo lus nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau muab ib tug sib npaug zos kos npe rau. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "biogeocenosis", muab los ntawm V. Sukachev, nqa ib tug zoo semantic load, raws li nws txiav txim siab tej yam ntuj tso complexes, noj mus rau hauv tus account lub ncig ntawm cov khoom thiab lub zog ntws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv. Tab sis lub tswv yim ntawm "ecosystem", uas tau dhau los ua dav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev tshawb fawb nrov, vim nws cov xwm txheej, tam sim no tau siv los ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam biocomplexes, ob qho tib si ntuj thiab dag.
Theory of biogeocenosis los ntawm V. N. Sukachev
Cov kev xav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tseem ceeb: V. Dokuchaev, uas tau koom nrog hauv av science, thiab V. Vernadsky, tus tsim ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm biosphere. Ua ke kev paub txog geochemistry, hav zoov, geobotany, V. Sukachev tsim kev qhuab qhia tshiab -biogeocenology. Nws, zoo li synecology, yog ib ceg ntawm ecology uas kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv biome, txiav txim siab cov qauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tib neeg uas muaj phyto- thiab zoocenoses. Raws li cov tswv yim ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, txhua txheej ntawm biosphere yog saturated nrog lub neej, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm biomass thiab lub zog tshwm sim hauv lawv. Lawv ua raws li cov khoom noj khoom haus.
Lawv suav nrog cov neeg tsim khoom - cov kab mob autotrophic, feem ntau cov nroj tsuag. Qhov no yog ua raws li cov neeg siv khoom ntawm thawj, thib ob, thib peb kev txiav txim, uas yog heterotrophs.
Qhov kawg txuas hauv cov trophic chains yog cov neeg siv cov organic teeb meem tuag - decomposers. Cov no suav nrog cov kab mob hauv av, saprotrophic fungi, thiab qee cov kab. Txhua yam ntawm cov tsiaj tsis muaj sia muaj nyob hauv biogeocenosis, xws li av, dej, cua, hu ua biotopes.
Txoj kev tshawb fawb synecological
Thaum pib ntawm kev tsim cov kev tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv sim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb - expeditions. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, xws li cov txheej txheem xws li nyob twj ywm ib xyoos puag ncig thwmsim, txoj kev ntawm tagged atoms, thiab xov tooj cua nrhiav tau los ua tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, taug qab nrog kev pab los ntawm dag lub ntiaj teb satellites ntawm lub zog ntawm cov tsiaj cov pej xeem pib nquag siv. Piv txwv li, loj artiodactyls cim nrog radiochips. Muab qhov tseeb tias synecology yog ib ceg ntawm ecology uas kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau cov kab mob nrog rau ib leeg, cov kws tshawb fawb siv ob qho tib si kev ntsuas lej thiab cybernetics. Cov yav tas yog siv los ua qauv thiab kwv yees cov khoom uas tsim los ntawm ntuj tsim.
Dab tsi ua haujlwm phytocenology kawm
Nroj tsuag yog cov koom nrog tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub neej ntawm ecosystems. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis, lawv muab tag nrho lwm yam tsiaj nyob nrog zaub mov uas muab qee lub zog cia. Synecology kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm phytocenosis thiab cov pejxeem ntawm cov kab mob heterotrophic: kab, herbivores thiab carnivores.
Cov floristic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv zej zog feem ntau biocenoses yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab hu ua hom saturation. Cov kab mob nroj tsuag tau sawv cev rau hauv ecosystems nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tiers, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm ecological niches. Kab rov tav heterogeneity ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog hu ua mosaic thiab, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau txheej txheej, nyob ntawm seb qhov ntev ntawm lub hnub ci teev. Tab sis nws yog ncaj qha vim yog hom kev sib raug zoo, xws li allelopathy thiab kev sib tw. Phytocenoses hloov pauv, lawv cov dynamics yog txiav txim los ntawm circadian rhythms thiab successions, xws li deforestation, geocataclysms, hav zoov hluav taws.
Ua rau tsiaj cov neeg muaj zog
Cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo xws li S. A. Severtsov, N. V. Turkin, C. L. Elton tau kawm txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg hauv zej zog intraspecific. Thiab C. Hewitt tau qhia lo lus "nthwv dej ntawm lub neej." Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso complexes thiab, nrog rau cov txheej txheem trophocenotic, yog cov cimbiotic muaj peev xwm ntawm ecosystem. Txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm tib neeg yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis uas tswj cov circadian rhythms ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov nas uas kis tau zoonoses xws li mob plague thiab tularemia. Synecology tseem kawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub xeev zoocenoses, tshwj xeeb, kev txo qis ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj thiab muaj kev puas tsuaj, qhov txo qis ntawm cov tsiaj qus tsiaj hauv zej zog.
Hom kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob hauv biomes
Nco ntsoov tias synecology yog ib ceg ntawm ecology uas kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj. Cov no suav nrog kev sib tw, kev sib tw, allelopathy. Piv txwv li, phytocenology tau paub ntev txog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm qee cov nroj tsuag nrog ib leeg: dub walnut tso cov tshuaj lom rau pome thiab pob zeb txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntoo, inhibits lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab fruiting, thiab kuj ua rau cov nroj tsuag tuag.
Kev sib koom ua ke yog ib hom kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv, los ntawm cov kab mob tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws (hermit crab thiab sea anemone, flagellates uas nyob hauv cov hnyuv ntawm kab thiab pab lawv tawg fiber ntau).
Kev pauv hluav taws xob hauv biosphere
Biogeocenoses uas ua rau lub plhaub nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, ua tiav kev hloov pauv ntawm biomass thiab lub zog, thiab qhib lub tshuab. Cov natural complexes xav tau ib tug influx ntawm lub teeb lub zog. Phototrophs siv nws rau synthesis ntawm cov organic tshuaj, ATP molecules thiabNADPxN2. Synecology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog kev sib hloov pauv ntawm biomass thiab lub zog.
Lawv zoo li lub pyramid ecological thiab nws cov khoom noj. Lub zog ntawm lub zog los ntawm qhov qis tshaj mus rau qib siab tshaj plaws trophic ua raws li cov cai ntawm lub cev, ntxiv rau, qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze yog 10-20%, thiab qhov seem ntawm lub zog yog dissipated nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub. Hauv txoj haujlwm no, peb tau paub txog ntu ntawm ecology - synecology, thiab pom cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhawb nqa lub neej ntawm biosphere.
