Yuav kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv sai sai uas koj xav tau txog ib tsab xov xwm, phau ntawv lossis tus sau, ntau tus siv txoj hauv kev xws li annotation. Nov yog ib yam txheej txheem uas tso cai rau koj kom tau txais lub tswv yim ua ntej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis paub sau.
Qhov no yog dab tsi?
Annotation yog txheej txheem kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tsim los sau cov ntaub ntawv, phau ntawv lossis cov ntawv, nthuav tawm lawv cov qauv kev xav. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov txheej txheem no yog siv kom tau txais cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm.
Yeej, cov lus piav qhia muaj ob lub ntsiab lus: phau ntawv piav qhia thiab cov ntawv nyeem. Txoj kev no yog siv kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov chaw tshawb fawb, tab sis tsis yog kom nthuav tawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm. Ntawd yog, annotations tso cai rau koj los ua lub hom phiaj, lub tswv yim ua ntej ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau sai, npaj thiab nco ntsoov cov ntaub ntawv koj xav tau hauv lub sijhawm luv luv.
Summarizing and annotating tib yam?
Abstract yog luv luv (feem ntau pub dawb) kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev tshaj tawm txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus hauv kev sau ntawv (feem ntau hauv daim ntawv qhia), uas, ntxiv rau kev nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, muaj kev ntsuas tus kheej, nrog rau cov lus xaus ntawm tus neeg xa xov. Hauv lwm lo lus, kev ua haujlwm zoo li no ua rau tus nyeem ntawv nkag siab txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tsab xov xwm lossis phau ntawv, yog li txuag nws ntawm qhov xav tau kom kawm tiav qhov qub.
Yog vim li cas cov lus piav qhia thiab cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, tsuas yog ib lo lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog sau nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Thiab nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob koj tuaj yeem paub qhov twg tau hais. Ntawd yog, cov lus piav qhia tsuas yog cov lus teb rau cov lus nug txog dab tsi thiab qhov twg nws tau sau, thiab kev paub daws teeb meem ua kom pom tseeb tias muaj dab tsi hauv ib tsab xov xwm lossis phau ntawv.
annotation ua dab tsi?
Lawv ua cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
- Tshawb nrhiav cav. Ntawd yog, xws li cov lus piav qhia tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li cov ntaub ntawv rov qab cov cuab yeej rau cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntawv nyeem.
- Signal, uas ua haujlwm raws li kev ceeb toom txog qhov qub. Los ntawm saib qhov kev paub daws teeb meem no, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv qhov kev xav thawj zaug ntawm ib tsab xov xwm lossis phau ntawv thiab txiav txim siab seb puas yuav nyeem nws tag nrho.
Kev tsom xam, dav dav, siv thiab cov lus qhia tawm tswv yim
Yog tias peb faib cov lus piav qhia los ntawm txoj kev sib sau los yog lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm, lawv yog:
- Kev tsom xam (tshwj xeeb), uas qhia tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab luslos yog phau ntawv.
- General, qhia txog kev tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb tag nrho. Ntawd yog, sau cov ntaub ntawv hauv txoj kev no yog qee yam zoo ib yam li abstracting. Raws li kev ua haujlwm zoo li no, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tsab xov xwm lossis phau ntawv.
- Reference. Cov lus piav qhia no tsuas yog xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv dav dav txog tus sau thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshawb fawb. Tab sis tsis muaj cov lus piav qhia hauv phau ntawv no.
- Recommendatory. Cov lus piav qhia zoo li no yog tsim los nyiam cov neeg nyeem, txhawb kev txaus siab rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab txhawb kom cov neeg nyeem nyeem qhov qub.
Cov lus piav qhia thiab piav qhia cov lus piav qhia
Raws li qhov ntim ntawm cov lus piav qhia thiab qhov tob ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov khoom qub, lawv txawv:
- Abstract (teb cov lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas sau rau hauv thawj qhov chaw?" thiab "Yuav ua li cas sau muaj tseeb?"). Hais lus kwv yees, hauv cov lus piav qhia no txhua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ib tsab xov xwm lossis phau ntawv tau teev tseg, nrog rau lawv cov ntsiab lus tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv luv luv.
- Descriptive (teb ib lo lus nug: "Yuav sau li cas?"). Cov ntawv no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj qhov chaw thiab cov ncauj lus tau teev tseg hauv nws.
- Cov lus piav qhia, uas tuaj yeem yog ob peb lo lus, ntau kawg ntawm ib lossis ob kab lus, thiab tsis qhia tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj tsab xov xwm lossis phau ntawv.
Lwm cov kev faib uas twb muaj lawm
Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, muaj cov lus piav qhia hauv qab no:
- Monographic, txhua tus tau suav sau ua kerau ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb. Ntawd yog, tsuas yog ib kab lus lossis phau ntawv ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus tau sau tseg.
- pab. Cov lus piav qhia no tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm ntau qhov chaw uas zoo sib xws hauv cov ntsiab lus.
Thiab kuj muaj "phau ntawv", automated, sau ntawv, editorial thiab bibliographic annotations. Txhua hom kev ua haujlwm no suav nrog ob tus tib neeg thiab cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb uas cia li tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog hauv cov ntawv nyeem.
Kev xav tau rau cov lus piav qhia
Txhawm rau ua cov lus piav qhia zoo ntawm ib tsab xov xwm, koj yuav tsum ua raws li qee qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Piv txwv li, koj xav tau:
- Muab rau hauv tus account lub hom phiaj, piv txwv li xaiv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas lossis kev qhia dav dav, kev tawm tswv yim lossis siv hom lus piav qhia. Cov khoom tom ntej no yuav nyob ntawm qhov no.
- Txhim kho qhov ntsuas ntawm cov lus piav qhia. Piv txwv li, cov lus piav qhia siv yog 500-800 cim ntev. Lwm hom kev ua haujlwm yuav siv li ntawm ib mus rau ob nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm.
- Saib cov qauv sijhawm (tag nrho cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia hauv qhov kev paub daws teeb meem yuav tsum nyob rau hauv tib qho kev txiav txim raws li hauv qhov qub).
- Tau rau cov lus tshwj xeeb.
Cov khoom kawg ntawm cov npe suav nrog cov cai hauv qab no:
- Kev nthuav qhia yooj yim, qhia meej thiab meej.
- Kev siv tsis zoo ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov lus hais tshwj tsis yog xav tau los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem.
- Ua raws li kev sib sau ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntawv luv.
- Zam kev rov ua dua (qhov no siv tau rau ob lub cev ntawv thiabnpe).
- Siv cov ntawv luv luv xwb.
- Zam kev siv cov kev tsim kho uas muab kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab lus (piv txwv li, "zoo li", "yog li", "feem ntau", thiab lwm yam).
- Using impersonal verbs.
- Kev siv cov lus piav qhia uas tsis cuam tshuam rau kev nkag siab dav dav (piv txwv li, "tej zaum", "tej zaum", "tsawg kawg", thiab lwm yam).
Cov phiaj xwm piav qhia piv txwv
Cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm cov lus piav qhia:
- Qhia ib feem, uas muab ib phau ntawv piav qhia.
- Main, uas teev cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom qub.
- Nkauj kawg. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem muab cov lus piav qhia luv luv lossis kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm txoj haujlwm ua tiav.
Plan sau ntawv qhia kev pom zoo:
- Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus sau ntawm qhov qub.
- Cov ntsiab lus.
- Kev ntsuas tus kheej ntawm ib tsab xov xwm lossis phau ntawv.
- Edition information.
- Tag nrho cov neeg tuaj saib ntawm qhov chaw qub.
Plan npaj rau kev siv annotation:
- Data hais txog tus sau.
- Pib hom.
- Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv.
- Zaj nkauj ntawm qhov qub.
- Yuav tsum muaj ntawm tsab ntawv.
- Cov neeg tuaj saib uas cov khoom siv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog npaj.
Cov lus qhia kom nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv sai sai
Yuav kom sau cov ntaub ntawv sai thiab yooj yim, koj yuav tsum siv taukeywords, uas tau tawg thoob plaws hauv cov ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem siv cov hauv qab no.
| Author info | Lawv tuaj yeem yog: tus kws tshawb fawb, kws kho mob ntawm kev tshawb fawb philological, xibfwb, kws tshawb fawb, kws sau paj huam, kws sau ntawv, thiab lwm yam. |
| hom ntawv twg yog tus thawj sau hauv | Edition: tsab xov xwm, daim ntawv qhia, phau ntawv, kev cob qhia, phau ntawv kawm, monograph, tshiab, sau (anthology), siv phau ntawv, phau ntawv txhais lus. |
| Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lossis nws cov ntsiab lus |
Piv txwv li, yog tias nws yog monograph, tshiab lossis lwm yam ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm ib tus neeg:
Yog nws yog anthology lossis lwm phau ntawv sau ntau:
|
| khoom tshiab muaj nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw |
Piv txwv li, cov hauv qab no yuav tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv:
|
| Cov neeg tuaj saib uas cov khoom xav tau |
Piv txwv li, cov lus hauv qab no feem ntau pom hauv cov ntawv:
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws..; |
| Muaj lub rooj pabcuam |
Qhov no suav nrog:
|
Cov ntawv sau tshawb fawb
Yog tias, thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov duab kos duab, ib tus yuav tsum tau saib xyuas qhov qub ntawm tus qauv tsim (ua tib zoo mloog rau cov neeg nyeem cov lus nug, sib piv cov ntaub ntawv nrog lwm cov phau ntawv, thiab lwm yam), tom qab ntawd sau cov ntawv tshawb fawb tsis siv ntau. sij hawm. Tom qab tag nrho, thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem, koj muaj peev xwm siv standard lo lus, xws li: "tus neeg sau hais tias", "qhov kev tshaj tawm yog npaj", "kab lus yog txiav txim siab", thiab lwm yam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug annotation yog los qhia lub lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb rau cov neeg nyeem.
Ntxiv rau, thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom zoo li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua raws li cov lus sib txuas lus thiab sib xws ntawm cov lus qhia. Thiab koj kuj yuav tsum siv cov ntawv luv luv xwb, cov ntawv luv luv thiab cov ntsiab lus uas yuav nkag siab rau tus nyeem.
Annotation example
Yuav kom nkag siab tag nrho qhov kev txheeb xyuas ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv yog dab tsi, nws raug nquahu kom nyeemcov qauv hauv qab no.
Cov lus qhia pom zoo ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm phau ntawv "Cov Lus Txhais ntawm Suav Mythology":
Tus Sau M. Kukarina hais txog kev ntxim nyiam Suav dab neeg, ntau haiv neeg, tsiaj txawv txawv, cov duab thiab dab qhuas. Phau ntawv hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Tuam Tshoj thaum ub, keeb kwm ntawm lub neej tiag tiag. Txoj hauj lwm tsis yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws siv phau ntawv ntawm mythology, tab sis tus sau tau sim qhia txog txhua lub ntsiab creatures thiab deities ntawm Celestial Empire.
Piv txwv ntawm cov lus piav qhia dav dav:
- Ed. A. G. Kosilova, R. K. Meshcheryakova. Phau ntawv ntawm technologist-machine builder. Nyob rau hauv ob ntim - M.: Mashinostroenie, 1986. - 656 p., ill. Phau ntawv siv yog npaj rau cov engineers thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm engineering. Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab rau kev ua cov khoom ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab GOSTs.
- Digital photography rau dummies. Ib. los ntawm Lus Askiv - M.: Publishing house "William", 2003. - 320 p., ill. Ib phau ntawv rau beginners. Phau ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv kom meej txog cov intricacies ntawm shooting thiab ua cov duab ntawm lub computer. Rau kev yooj yim ntawm kev siv, phau ntawv muaj cov cuab yeej siv hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus, kev taw qhia, kev siv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntsuas.
Piv txwv ntawm cov lus piav qhia:
Haunted house. American Mystery Dab Neeg. Phau ntawv tau luam tawm xyoo 2014, Eksmo. Phau ntawv qhia txog lub tsev haunted Ralph Adams Crum (novelette Kropfsburg Castle Tower, 1895), John Kendrick Bangs (The Phantom Cook of Bangletop, 1892), Leonard Kip (Spirits at Grantley, 1878 d.) etc.
