Oxygen yog dab tsi? Oxygen compounds

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Oxygen (O) yog cov tshuaj tsis yog xim hlau ntawm pawg 16 (VIa) ntawm lub sijhawm teem sijhawm. Nws yog cov roj uas tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw thiab tsis tsw qab uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob muaj sia - cov tsiaj uas tig mus rau cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab cov nroj tsuag uas siv CO ₂ ua cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab rov qab O ₂ rau hauv huab cua. Oxygen tsim cov tebchaw los ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog yuav luag txhua yam khoom, thiab tseem tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog ib leeg. Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem no yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub thiab lub teeb. Cov pa oxygen tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog dej.

Discovery keeb kwm

Xyoo 1772, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele thawj zaug pom cov pa oxygen los ntawm cua sov poov tshuaj nitrate, mercury oxide, thiab ntau lwm yam tshuaj. Kev ywj pheej ntawm nws, xyoo 1774, tus kws tshuaj Askiv Askiv Joseph Priestley tau tshawb pom cov tshuaj no los ntawm thermal decomposition ntawm mercury oxide thiab luam tawm nws cov kev tshawb pom hauv tib lub xyoo, peb xyoos ua ntej tshaj tawm. Scheele. Nyob rau hauv 1775-1780, Fabkis chemist Antoine Lavoisier txhais lub luag hauj lwm ntawm oxygen nyob rau hauv ua pa thiab combustion, tsis kam lees lub phlogiston txoj kev xav feem ntau txais thaum lub sij hawm. Nws tau sau tseg tias nws nyiam tsim cov kua qaub thaum ua ke nrog ntau yam tshuaj thiab hu ua lub ntsiab lus oxygène, uas hauv Greek txhais tau tias "ua kua qaub".

Nyob zoo

oxygen yog dab tsi? Ua li 46% ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, nws yog nws cov feem ntau lub caij. Cov pa oxygen hauv huab cua yog 21% los ntawm ntim, thiab los ntawm qhov hnyav hauv dej hiav txwv nws yog 89%.

Nyob rau hauv pob zeb, lub caij yog ua ke nrog hlau thiab tsis yog hlau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm oxides, uas yog acidic (piv txwv li, sulfur, carbon, txhuas thiab phosphorus) los yog yooj yim (kua txob ntawm calcium, magnesium thiab hlau), thiab raws li ntsev zoo li cov tebchaw uas tuaj yeem suav tias yog tsim los ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov oxides yooj yim xws li sulfates, carbonates, silicates, aluminates thiab phosphates. Txawm hais tias lawv muaj ntau, cov khib nyiab no tsis tuaj yeem ua cov pa oxygen, txij li kev rhuav tshem cov khoom sib txuas nrog cov hlau atoms yog siv zog heev.

Ntse

Yog tias qhov kub ntawm cov pa qis dua -183 ° C, ces nws dhau los ua kua xiav daj, thiab ntawm -218 ° C - khoom. Ntshiab O₂ yog 1.1 npaug hnyav dua li huab cua.

Thaum ua pa, tsiaj txhu thiab qee cov kab mob siv oxygen los ntawm qhov chaw thiab rov qab carbon dioxide, thaum lub sijhawm photosynthesis, cov nroj tsuag ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci nqus carbon dioxide thiab tso pa dawb. Yuav luagtag nrho O₂ hauv huab cua yog tsim los ntawm photosynthesis.

Thaum 20 ° C, txog 3 qhov ntim ntawm cov pa oxygen yaj hauv 100 feem ntawm cov dej tshiab, me ntsis hauv dej hiav txwv. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua pa ntawm ntses thiab lwm yam dej hiav txwv.

Natural oxygen yog sib xyaw ntawm peb cov isotopes ruaj khov: ¹⁶ O (99.759%), ¹⁷ O (0.037 %) thiab¹⁸O (0.204%). Ntau cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob isotopes paub. Qhov ntev tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog ¹⁵ O (nrog ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 124 s), uas yog siv los kawm ua pa hauv cov tsiaj.

Allotropes

Ib lub tswv yim meej dua ntawm oxygen yog dab tsi, tso cai rau koj kom tau txais nws ob daim ntawv allotropic, diatomic (O₂) thiab triatomic (O ₃ , ozone). Cov khoom ntawm daim ntawv diatomic qhia tias rau lub electrons khi lub atoms thiab ob qho tib si nyob twj ywm unpaired, ua rau oxygen paramagnetism. Peb lub atoms nyob rau hauv lub ozone molecule tsis nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj kab.

Ozone tuaj yeem tsim tau raws li qhov sib npaug: 3O₂ → 2O₃.

Cov txheej txheem yog endothermic (yuav tsum tau muaj zog); Kev hloov pauv ntawm ozone rov qab rau hauv diatomic oxygen yog yooj yim los ntawm kev muaj cov hlau hloov pauv lossis lawv cov oxides. Cov pa ntshiab huv tau hloov mus rau hauv ozone los ntawm cov hluav taws xob ci ntsa iab. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj tshwm sim thaum nqus ntawm ultraviolet lub teeb nrog lub wavelength txog 250 nm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no nyob rau hauv cov huab cua sab saud tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem ua raukev puas tsuaj rau lub neej ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto. Cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab ntawm ozone muaj nyob rau hauv cov chaw kaw nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li cov tshuab hluav taws xob. Nws yog lub teeb xiav roj. Nws qhov ceev yog 1.658 npaug ntawm huab cua, thiab nws muaj qhov kub ntawm -112 ° C ntawm atmospheric siab.

Ozone yog ib qho muaj zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, muaj peev xwm hloov cov sulfur dioxide rau trioxide, sulfide rau sulfate, iodide rau iodine (muab txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas rau nws), thiab ntau cov organic tebchaw rau oxygenated derivatives xws li aldehydes thiab acids. Kev hloov pauv ntawm hydrocarbons los ntawm lub tsheb tso rau hauv cov kua qaub thiab aldehydes los ntawm ozone yog dab tsi ua rau smog. Hauv kev lag luam, ozone yog siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, kev kho dej khib nyiab, dej purification thiab ntaub bleaching.

Txoj Kev Taug Kev

Txoj kev tsim cov pa oxygen nyob ntawm seb yuav tsum muaj roj npaum li cas. Laboratory txoj kev yog raws li nram no:

1. Thermal decomposition ntawm qee cov ntsev xws li potassium chlorate lossis potassium nitrate:

2KClO₃ → 2KCl + 3O₂.
2KNO₃ → 2KNO₂ + O₂.

Lub decomposition ntawm potassium chlorate yog catalyzed los ntawm kev hloov hlau oxides. Manganese dioxide (pyrolusite, MnO₂) feem ntau siv rau qhov no. Cov catalyst txo qis qhov kub thiab txias uas yuav tsum tau hloov pauv oxygen ntawm 400 txog 250 ° C.

2. Kub decomposition ntawm hlau oxides:

2HgO → 2Hg +O₂.
2Ag₂O → 4Ag + O₂.

Scheele thiab Priestley tau siv cov khoom sib xyaw (oxide) ntawm oxygen thiab mercury (II) kom tau txais cov tshuaj no.

3. Thermal decomposition ntawm hlau peroxides los yog hydrogen peroxide:

2BaO + O₂ → 2BaO₂.
2BaO₂ → 2BaO +O₂.
BaO₂ + H₂SO₄ → H₂ O₂ + BaSO₄.
2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O _2.

thawj txoj kev lag luam rau kev sib cais cov pa oxygen los ntawm huab cua lossis tsim cov hydrogen peroxide nyob ntawm kev tsim cov barium peroxide los ntawm oxide.

4. Electrolysis dej nrog me me impurities ntsev los yog acids, uas muab cov conductivity ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no:

2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂

Industrial production

Yog tias tsim nyog kom tau txais cov pa ntau ntawm cov pa, fractional distillation ntawm cov kua cua yog siv. Ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm huab cua, nws muaj qhov kub siab tshaj plaws thiab yog li tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua li nitrogen thiab argon. Cov txheej txheem siv cov cua txias ntawm cov pa thaum nws nthuav dav. Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no:

cua lim kom tshem tawm cov teeb meem;
noo thiab carbon dioxide raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev nqus rau hauv alkali;
cua yog compressed thiab cua sov ntawm compression raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem cua txias;
ces nws nkag mus rau lub kauj nyob rau hauvkoob yees duab;
ib feem ntawm cov roj compressed (ntawm qhov siab ntawm li 200 atm) nthuav dav hauv chamber, txias lub kauj;
nkev nthuav dav rov qab los rau hauv compressor thiab mus dhau ntau theem ntawm kev nthuav dav thiab compression, ua rau cov kua ntawm -196 ° C huab cua ua kua;
kua yog rhuab rau distilled thawj lub teeb inert gases, ces nitrogen, thiab kua oxygen tseem. Ntau qhov kev faib ua feem ua rau cov khoom ntshiab txaus (99.5%) rau feem ntau cov hom phiaj.

siv kev lag luam

Metallurgy yog cov neeg siv khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov pa ntshiab huv rau kev tsim cov pa roj carbon ntau: tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab lwm yam tsis yog hlau tsis huv sai thiab yooj yim dua li siv cua.

Kev kho cov dej khib nyiab Oxygen tuav cov lus cog tseg rau kev kho cov kua dej kom zoo dua li lwm cov txheej txheem tshuaj. Khib nyiab incineration nyob rau hauv kaw systems siv ntshiab O₂.

. yog qhov tseem ceeb zuj zus

Lub npe hu ua foob pob hluav taws oxidizer yog kua oxygen. Ntshiab O₂ Siv nyob rau hauv submarines thiab diving tswb.

Nyob hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, oxygen tau hloov cov huab cua ib txwm nyob hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj xws li acetylene, ethylene oxide thiab methanol. Cov ntawv thov kev kho mob suav nrog kev siv cov pa hauv cov pa oxygen chambers, inhalers, thiab me me incubators. Cov pa oxygen-enriched anesthetic gas muab kev pab lub neej thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj loog. Yog tsis muaj cov tshuaj no, ib tug xov tooj ntawmindustries siv melting furnaces. Qhov no yog oxygen.

tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv

Lub siab electronegativity thiab electron affinity ntawm oxygen yog ib yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas nthuav tawm cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau. Tag nrho cov pa oxygen tebchaw muaj qhov tsis zoo oxidation lub xeev. Thaum ob lub orbitals puv nrog electrons, O^2- ion yog tsim. Hauv peroxides (O₂^2-) txhua lub atom xav tias muaj nqi ntawm -1. Cov cuab yeej ntawm kev lees txais electrons los ntawm tag nrho lossis ib nrab hloov pauv txiav txim siab tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing. Thaum tus neeg sawv cev zoo li no tshwm sim nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, nws tus kheej oxidation lub xeev qis dua. Qhov kev hloov pauv (qis) hauv lub xeev oxidation ntawm oxygen los ntawm xoom mus rau -2 yog hu ua txo.

Raws li cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, cov khoom tsim cov tshuaj diatomic thiab triatomic compounds. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov plaub-atom molecules uas tsis ruaj khov heev. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv diatomic, ob unpaired electrons nyob rau hauv nonbonding orbitals. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm tus cwj pwm paramagnetic ntawm cov pa.

Qhov kev mob siab rau ntawm ozone qee zaum piav qhia los ntawm qhov kev xav tias ib qho ntawm peb lub atoms nyob rau hauv lub xeev "atomic". Nkag mus rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov no atom dissociates ntawm O₃, tawm hauv molecular oxygen.

O₂ molecule yog qaug zog tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Atomic oxygen muaj zog ntau dua. Lub zog dissociation (O₂ → 2O) yog qhov tseem ceeb thiabyog 117.2 kcal ib mole.

Kev sib txuas

Nrog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau xws li hydrogen, carbon thiab sulfur, oxygen tsim ntau hom kev sib txuas sib txuas, suav nrog oxides ntawm cov hlau tsis xws li dej (H ₂ O), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) thiab carbon dioxide (CO₂); organic tebchaw xws li cawv, aldehydes thiab carboxylic acids; cov acids xws li carbonic (H₂CO₃), sulfuric (H₂SO 4_{) thiab nitrogen (HNO}3_{); thiab cov ntsev xws li sodium sulfate (Na}2_SO4_{), sodium carbonate (Na}2 _CO 3_{) thiab sodium nitrate (NaNO}3_{). Oxygen muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm O}2- ^{ion nyob rau hauv cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm cov hlau oxides, xws li cov compound (oxide) ntawm oxygen thiab calcium CaO. Hlau superoxides (KO}2_{) muaj O}2- ^{ion, thaum hlau peroxides (BaO2}), muaj cov ion O₂_2-. Oxygen compounds feem ntau muaj oxidation lub xeev ntawm -2.