Txhua yam yog kev sib haum xeeb uas nyob hauv ntiaj teb no txhua tus muaj nws qhov chaw thiab koom nrog cov haujlwm uas tau muab rau nws, txawm hais tias nws yog lub crown ntawm xwm - ib tug incredibly complex tib neeg los yog lub feem ntau microscopic kab mob. Txhua tus neeg ua lawv txoj haujlwm los ua kom peb lub ntiaj teb zoo dua. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau ntau yam kab mob, uas, raws li lub tswv yim zoo ntawm tus tsim lub ntiaj teb, coj tib neeg tsis tsuas yog cov txiaj ntsig, tab sis kuj muaj qee yam kev puas tsuaj. Xav txog dab tsi cov kab mob thermophilic lactic acid yog dab tsi thiab lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv peb lub neej. Puas yog lawv zoo lossis phem?
Ib tug tub rog ntawm ntau yam kab mob nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, pom tsis tau ntawm qhov muag, tab sis nquag nquag thiab tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig. Ib qho txiaj ntsig microformation yog cov kab mob thermophilic. Cov kab mob no nyob hauv cov dej kub kub thiab sib npaug ntawm qhov kub thiab txias - siab tshaj 45 degrees. Tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov kab mob no tau raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv ntau thaj chaw geothermal ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb,xws li cov dej ntawm cov dej kub ntuj. Cov kab mob thermophilic muaj sia nyob vim muaj nyob hauv lawv cov enzymes tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Rau lawv, qhov zoo tshaj plaws kub tswj yog ib txoj kev ntawm 50-65 degrees. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov kab mob tuaj yeem hnov zoo thiab muaj kev ywj pheej ntau ntxiv.
Ntau tus neeg xav paub txog qhov kub npaum li cas cov kab mob thermophilic tuag txhawm rau tswj lawv tus lej. Hauv qhov no, kuv xav kom nco ntsoov tias cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tseeb ntawm qhov no. Nyob rau theem tam sim no ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws tsuas yog paub tias qhov ntsuas kub siab tshaj plaws rau cov thermophiles yog 68-75 degrees. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias cov kab mob tuag nrog cov cua sov - qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev pom zoo ua rau lawv lub neej tsis xis nyob thiab mob siab, ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm cov cell loj hlob thiab txo qis cov txheej txheem metabolic.
Nws puas tuaj yeem tua kab mob? Dab tsi cuam tshuam rau lawv?
Yuav kom cov kab mob thermophilic tuag, xav tau ntau dua ntawm qhov chaw pib. Niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim kom paub tias qhov kub siab tshaj plaws uas cov kab mob no tuaj yeem nyob yog 122 degrees Celsius. Nws tsis muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj cua sov siab dua hauv chav kuaj mob. Yog li ntawd, nws tseem tsis tau tsim kom muaj qhov kub ntawm cov kab mob thermophilic yuav tuag. Nws tsuas yog paub tias kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau lub neej ntawm cov kab mob: kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai yuav nres, tab sisyuav nws tuag yog lo lus nug.
Ntau yam thiab lawv cov lus piav qhia
Txheeb xyuas qhov nyiam qhov kub ntawm cov kab mob, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg tseem ceeb: psychrophilic, mesophilic thiab, qhov tseeb, thermophilic. Tag nrho lawv nyob ntawm qhov kub, tab sis txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas kub.
Yog li, cov kab mob psychrophilic yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws thermodependent thiab nyiam qhov kub ntawm xoom mus rau +10 degrees. Qhov no yog txoj kev loj hlob zoo rau lawv, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem cog ob qho tib si ntawm -5 degrees thiab ntawm +15.
Tom ntej - cov kab mob mesophilic thermophilic, thaj chaw xis nyob uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm 30 thiab 40 degrees Celsius. Cov kab mob tuaj yeem loj hlob zoo thiab sib npaug thaum qhov kub poob mus rau 10 degrees lossis nce mus txog 50 degrees. Qib zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob no yog 37 degrees.
Thiab thaum kawg, cov kab mob thermophilic - lawv txoj kev loj hlob zoo yog pom thaum qhov kub siab tshaj 50 degrees. Lawv lub ntsiab qhov txawv yog qhov ceev ntawm cov metabolism. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no, nws tau raug tsim los hais tias nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov protein thiab lipids, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txhua txoj kev ua neej.
Subgroups ntawm thermophiles
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov kab mob thermophilic, uas kuj tau muab faib ua ntau pawg neeg ywj pheej:
- Cov thermophiles siab nrog qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 80 degrees nrog qhov tsawg kawg ntawm 60 thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 105 degrees.
- Stenothermophiles, lossis facultative, nrog thaj tsam ntawm 55-65 degrees, tab sis qhia lub peev xwm rov tsim dua txawm tias qhov kub thiab txias poob rau 20 degrees. Lub peev xwm loj tshaj plaws yog pom ntawm 20-40 degrees.
- Eurythermophiles nyiam 37-48 degrees. Qhov peculiarity ntawm obligate thermophiles yog tias lawv tsis poob lawv lub peev xwm loj hlob txawm nyob rau ntawm 70 degrees, tab sis lawv tsis loj hlob hauv qab 40 degrees.
- Thermotolerants nrog qhov ntsuas pom zoo tsis siab tshaj 48 degrees, qhov ntsuas qhov tsawg kawg nkaus uas lawv tuaj yeem loj hlob yog 10 degrees, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws yog 55-60. Lawv txawv ntawm mesophiles ntawm tib qhov ntsuas kub zoo ib yam li qhov ntsuas kub nce, cov kab mob txuas ntxiv mus.
Anaerobic thermophiles
Lub peev xwm ntawm kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov kab mob thermophilic muab lub sijhawm zoo los siv rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub neej - hauv kev lag luam lossis hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab txawm nyob hauv tsev neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kab mob mesophilic thiab thermophilic lactic acid muaj cov kev sib cais zoo sib xws. Qhov txawv yog pom tsuas yog nyob rau hauv loj hlob kub. Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ntsuas qhov ntsuas kub kom zoo, kab lis kev cai yuav tsum tau dhau mus rau ib lossis ob lub hlis, lossis, ua lwm yam lus, reseeded nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias.
Hauv qhov xwm txheej, ntau hom kab mob thermophilic tau dav thiab nyob hauv ntau yam mob. Lawv nyiam sov so thiab xis nyob hauv tib neeg lub plab, thiab tseem tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob hauv cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag, av, dej thiab ntau qhov chaw,muab tej yam kev mob zoo rau kev loj hlob. Qee cov kab mob xav tau huab cua loj hlob, thaum lwm tus tsis xav tau oxygen txhua. Raws li cov cim qhia ntawm kev vam khom rau oxygen, cov kab mob thermophilic tau muab faib ua aerobic thiab anaerobic.
Anaerobic suav nrog ntau pawg cais:
- Butyric - thaum lub sij hawm fermentation, lawv tsim butyric acid, pub rau suab thaj, pectins, dextrins, thiab tsim cov kua qaub - acetic thiab butyric, nrog rau hydrogen thiab carbon dioxide. Ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, kev tsim cov acetone, ethyl, butyl thiab isopropyl alcohols tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. Pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thermophilic thiab mesophilic.
- Cellulose nyob hauv cov dej silt, compost, cog residues. Cov kab mob thermophilic compost no zoo tagnrho thiab siv dav hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Nyob rau hauv cov av los yog humus, cov kab mob no nce kev ua haujlwm ntawm 60-65 degrees. Kuj tseem muaj daim ntawv mesophilic - Omelyansky tus pas. Cov kab mob no, nrog kev pab los ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb enzyme, decompose cellulose, tso carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ethyl cawv, ib tug xov tooj ntawm acids - formic, acetic, fumaric, lactic thiab lwm yam organic acids.
- Methane-forming nyob hauv tib qhov chaw xws li cellulose, thiab tau cog rau ntawd. Hauv pab pawg no, hom kev kawm tshaj plaws yog methanobacterium thiab methanobacillus. Lawv tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm sporulation, thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig yog muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov vitamins, enzymes, siv cov dej phwj tuaj thiab cov khib nyiab hauv tsev rau zaub mov.
- Desulfurizers feem ntau pom nyob ib sab ntawmcellulose thiab nyob ntawm qhov txo qis ntawm sulfates. Lawv muaj oval spores uas nyob ze rau ntawm ib qho kawg ntawm bacillus bacillus - davhlau ya nyob twg los yog subterminal.
- Lactic acid - ib pawg tshwj xeeb loj ntawm cov kab mob uas nyob hauv cov mis nyuj. Cov kab mob thermophilic lactic acid no tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg thiab muaj kev phom sij heev. Qee yam ntawm lawv cov tsiaj tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj tsw qab tshwj xeeb. Nws yog lawv leej twg, tom qab kis rau cov mis nyuj, muab lub qab ntxiag saj thiab aroma rau tsev cheese los yog qab zib. Xws li cov kab mob thermophilic lactic acid yog facultative anaerobic, yog li lawv tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua thaum tsis muaj oxygen lossis hauv ib puag ncig uas muaj qhov tsis txaus loj ntawm nws.
Lactic acid
Cov kab mob Lactic acid tau muab faib ua cocci thiab rods. Cov qub muaj ntau lub hlwb txuas nrog hauv cov saw - streptococci thiab muaj homo- thiab heterogeneous fermentation. Homofermentative streptococci ferment cov piam thaj hauv cov mis nyuj ua yogurt nyob. Heteroenzymatic nyob rau hauv parallel kuj tso cov tshuaj tsw qab xws li diacetin thiab cytoin. Lawv cov hlwb yog puag ncig los yog oval nyob rau hauv cov duab, stain zoo raws li Gram thiab tsis tsim spores thiab capsules. Lawv yog cov aerotolerant thiab tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv huab cua. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom ua pa aerobic, thiab lawv nyiam mus txuas ntxiv lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm lactic acid fermentation. Txhawm rau noj, lawv xav tau ntau cov vitamins, proteins, organic acids. hauv tejCov kab mob ua rau nws cov coagulation, tsim kom muaj qhov ntom ntom, txawm tias txhaws nrog me me ntawm cov ntshav. Nws yog ua tsaug rau cov aroma-tsim lactic acid streptococci uas seductive npuas tshwm nyob rau hauv lub cheese nrog ib tug yam ntxwv tsw thiab tsis muaj peev xwm los tsim acids. Cocci muaj cawv heev thiab xav tau acidity siab.
YLactic acid sticks
Lactic acid sticks - lawv yog lwm yam hu ua lactobacilli - tuaj yeem ua ib leeg lossis ua khub. Feem ntau, acidophilic lactobacilli tau siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Bulgarian stick, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov kab lis kev cai pib thiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov kua mis nyeem qaub thiab noj qab nyob zoo. Txawm nyob rau hauv kev lag luam mis nyuj, streptobacteria thiab beta kab mob yog nrov. Cov kab mob no tsis muaj zog kiag li thiab tsis tsim cov spores lossis tshuaj ntsiav, lawv stain zoo los ntawm Gram.
Lactic acid thermophiles yog facultative anaerobes. Lawv tuaj yeem dhau los ua monoenzymatic, nrog rau kev tsim cov kua qaub ntau, lossis hereroenzymatic nrog lub peev xwm ua cov fructose nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ua rau muaj cov hexahydric cawv mannitol, acetates, lactates thiab carbon dioxide. Proteins yog cov txheej txheem tsis muaj zog, yog li ntawd, txhawm rau kom loj hlob, lawv yuav tsum muaj cov amino acids nyob hauv ib puag ncig. Qee cov sticks muaj peev xwm tsim catalase, ib qho enzyme uas ua rau hydrogen peroxide, los yog acetaldehyde, uas muab tsw thiab aroma rau cheese.
Lactic acid cov nplaum uas tiv taus cua sov tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv cov mis nyuj thaum pasteurized ntawm qhov kub ntawm 85-90 degrees. Lawv tiv taus cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab yog li ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau rau cov lag luam khoom noj. Lawv yog Escherichia coli antagonists. Pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov mis nyuj los yog pasteurized tsawg.
Thermophiles uas ua tsis taus pa tsis muaj oxygen
Aerobic thermophiles, uas ua tsis taus pa tsis muaj oxygen, kuj tau muab faib ua ob pawg:
- Cov thermophilic siab heev - gram-negative rods uas tsis tuaj yeem txav mus los, cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob uas yuav tsum tau ua, kev loj hlob uas tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj ntawm 70 degrees. Raws li qhov kub nce siab, cov sticks hloov mus rau hauv nyias threads. Nyob hauv cov dej kub thiab cov av nyob ze.
- Spore-forming forms zoo ib yam li cov mesophilic. Nyob thiab sib kis hauv cov av xoob zoo los yog cov dej aerated.
Tau txiav txim siab tag nrho cov kab mob no, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov tsos ntawm cov kab mob thermophilic yog lawv cov aromorphosis rau hauv qhov chaw. Zoo li lwm yam kab mob nyob, cov kab mob kuj tuaj yeem hloov kho kom haum rau cov kev hloov hauv ib puag ncig ntawm lawv cov evolution. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv nce qib ntawm lawv lub koom haum thiab tau txais peev txheej tshiab.
txiaj ntsig thiab kev phom sij
Dab tsi yog qhov mob thiab txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kab mob thermophilic? Lactic acid sticks siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus coj undoubted txiaj ntsim rau ib tug neeg. Ua ib feem ntawm ntau yam pib kab lis kev cai, lawv tsim cov cua thiabCov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig lactic acid uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txhua lub cev ntawm tib neeg lub cev, pab tswj cov txheej txheem metabolic, normalize lub plab zom mov thiab hauv txhua txoj hauv kev pab tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm ntau yam kab mob putrefactive, ntxuav nws nyob rau tib lub sijhawm los ntawm cov co toxins thiab co toxins.. Ntxiv nrog rau kev txhim kho cov kab mob microflora, cov kab mob thermophilic ua kom lub paj hlwb ua kom lub cev tsis muaj zog, txo qis cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab nce kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Ntxiv rau kev lag luam khoom noj, hom kab mob no tau siv dav heev hauv chaw muag tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce. Ntawm lawv lub hauv paus, ntau yam probiotics tau tsim, nrog rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce uas muab cov tawv nqaij tu thiab elasticity, thiab tseem siv los ua kom tawv nqaij thiab kho nws. Lub ntsej muag nyob yogurt tuaj yeem ua haujlwm zoo.
Cov kab mob Thermophilic thiab mesophilic uas nyob hauv av thiab compost pab rov siv cov organic teeb meem, fertilizing cov av kom zoo cog kev loj hlob. Cov methane tso tawm tuaj yeem siv tau zoo rau cov tsev cua sov thiab chaw ua haujlwm. Nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no, qhov teeb meem me me uas cov pas dej thermophilic xa mus rau kev lag luam zaub mov yog theem los ntawm kev raug cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab kev saib xyuas tas li ntawm cov khoom tsim khoom noj.
Zoo kawg
Nyob rau hauv kab lus no, peb tau muab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov chav kawm loj thiab me me xws li cov kab mob. Nws ua raws los ntawm cov khoom siv saum toj no uas cov kab mob thermophilictwb niaj hnub no tau dav siv los ntawm txiv neej rau nws tus kheej zoo. Tab sis cov txheej txheem no nyob deb dhau lawm, thiab ntau qhov kev tshawb pom zoo siab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig tau tos peb.
