Hnub no peb yuav qhia rau koj txog seb lub zog ntawm lub atom yog dab tsi, thaum tus neeg ntsib lub tswv yim no, thiab nws siv qhov twg.
School physics
Tib neeg thawj zaug ntsib kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev kawm. Thiab yog tias nyob rau xyoo xya ntawm kev kawm, cov menyuam yaus tseem pom cov kev paub tshiab hauv biology thiab chemistry nthuav dav, tom qab ntawd hauv cov chav kawm laus lawv pib ntshai. Thaum lub sijhawm tig ntawm atomic physics los, cov lus qhia hauv qhov kev qhuab qhia no tau txhawb nqa tsuas yog kev ntxub ntxaug rau kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias txhua qhov kev tshawb pom uas tam sim no tau hloov mus rau hauv cov ncauj lus hauv tsev kawm ntawv tho txawv muaj keeb kwm tsis tseem ceeb thiab tag nrho cov arsenal ntawm cov ntawv thov muaj txiaj ntsig. Nrhiav kom paub seb lub ntiaj teb ua haujlwm li cas zoo li qhib lub thawv nrog ib yam dab tsi nthuav hauv: koj ib txwm xav nrhiav ib qho chaw zais cia thiab nrhiav lwm yam khoom muaj nqis nyob ntawd. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm atomic physics, cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem.
Indivisible, composite, quantum
Los ntawm cov lus Greek thaum ub, lo lus "atom" yog txhais ua "indivisible, me tshaj". Qhov kev pom no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Qee cov neeg Greek thiab Khab thaum ub tau ntseeg tias txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me.
Nyob hauv keeb kwm niaj hnub no, kev sim hauv chemistry tau ua ua ntej ntau dua li lub cevkev tshawb fawb. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo pua xya thiab kaum yim tau ua haujlwm feem ntau los ua kom muaj zog tub rog ntawm lub teb chaws, huab tais lossis duke. Thiab txhawm rau tsim cov khoom tawg thiab cov hmoov phom, nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias lawv muaj dab tsi. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias qee lub ntsiab lus tsis tuaj yeem sib cais dhau ib qib. Qhov no txhais tau tias muaj cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tsawg tshaj plaws.
Tab sis lawv yuam kev. Lub atom tau dhau los ua ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke, thiab nws lub peev xwm hloov pauv yog quantum xwm. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qib zog ntawm lub atom.
zoo thiab tsis zoo
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb tau los ze rau kev kawm txog qhov me me ntawm cov teeb meem. Piv txwv li, nws tau pom tseeb tias lub atom muaj ob qho tib si zoo thiab tsis zoo them cov khoom. Tab sis tus qauv ntawm lub atom tsis paub: qhov kev npaj, kev sib cuam tshuam, qhov sib piv ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus tseem yog qhov tsis paub.
Rutherford teeb tsa kev sim ntawm kev tawg ntawm alpha hais los ntawm nyias cov ntawv nyiaj kub. Nws pom tias nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov atoms yog cov ntsiab lus zoo hnyav, thiab cov teeb pom kev tsis zoo nyob ntawm cov npoo. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm cov nqi sib txawv yog cov khoom uas tsis zoo ib yam. Qhov no piav qhia txog tus nqi ntawm atoms: ib lub ntsiab tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau lawv lossis tshem tawm. Qhov nyiaj tshuav uas khaws tag nrho lub cev nruab nrab tau tawg, thiab lub atom tau txais tus nqi.
electrons, protons, neutrons
Tom qab nws tig tawm: lub teeb tsis zoo yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab lub cev hnyav zoo muaj xws liob hom nucleon (protons thiab neutrons). Protons txawv ntawm cov neutrons tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov qub tau zoo them thiab hnyav, thaum lub tom kawg tsuas muaj loj. Hloov cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev them nqi ntawm cov nucleus yog qhov nyuaj: nws yuav tsum muaj lub zog zoo kawg. Tab sis lub atom yog yooj yim dua los faib los ntawm ib tug electron. Muaj ntau cov electronegative atoms, uas muaj feem ntau "muab" ib qho hluav taws xob, thiab cov electronegative tsawg dua, uas yuav "muab" ntau dua. Qhov no yog li cas tus nqi ntawm ib qho atom yog tsim: yog tias muaj ntau dhau ntawm electrons, ces nws yog qhov tsis zoo, thiab yog tias muaj qhov tsis txaus, ces nws yog qhov zoo.
Long life of the ntug
Tab sis qhov qauv ntawm lub atom puzzled cov kws tshawb fawb. Raws li cov classical physics uas yeej nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd, ib qho hluav taws xob, uas tau tas li tsiv mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus, yuav tsum tsis tu ncua radiate electromagnetic tsis. Txij li cov txheej txheem no txhais tau tias tsis muaj zog, tag nrho cov khoom tsis zoo yuav sai sai poob lawv qhov nrawm thiab poob rau ntawm lub hauv paus. Txawm li cas los xij, lub qab ntuj khwb tau muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev heev, thiab kev puas tsuaj thoob ntiaj teb tseem tsis tau tshwm sim. Lub paradox ntawm qhov qub qub tau brewing.
Bohr's postulates
Bohr's postulates tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov tsis sib xws. Tom qab ntawd lawv tsuas yog kev lees paub, dhia mus rau qhov tsis paub, uas tsis tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev suav lossis kev xav. Raws li cov postulates, muaj zog theem ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub atom. Txhua qhov tsis zoo them nqi tuaj yeem tsuas yog nyob rau theem no. Kev hloov pauv ntawm orbitals (cov qib hu ua) yog ua los ntawm kev dhia, thaum lub quantum ntawm electromagnetic zog raug tso tawm lossis nqus.zog.
Tom qab, Planck qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm quantum piav qhia qhov kev coj cwj pwm ntawm electrons.
Lub teeb thiab atom
Tus nqi ntawm lub zog xav tau rau kev hloov pauv nyob ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub zog ntawm cov atom. Qhov deb lawv nyob ntawm ib leeg, ntau emission los yog absorbed quantum.
Raws li koj paub, lub teeb yog quantum ntawm electromagnetic teb. Yog li, thaum lub electron nyob rau hauv ib lub atom txav los ntawm ib tug siab dua mus rau ib tug qis theem, nws tsim lub teeb. Hauv qhov no, txoj cai thim rov qab kuj tseem siv tau: thaum muaj hluav taws xob nthwv dej poob rau ntawm ib qho khoom, nws ua rau nws cov hluav taws xob zoo siab, thiab lawv txav mus rau lub orbital siab dua.
Tsis tas li ntawd, lub zog theem ntawm lub atom yog tus kheej rau txhua hom tshuaj lom neeg. Cov qauv ntawm kev ncua deb ntawm orbitals yog txawv rau hydrogen thiab kub, tungsten thiab tooj liab, bromine thiab sulfur. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntawm emission spectra ntawm ib yam khoom (xws li hnub qub) unambiguously txiav txim seb cov tshuaj thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv nws.
Txoj kev no yog siv dav heev. Kev tsom xam spectrum siv:
- in forensics;
- hauv kev tswj zaub mov thiab dej zoo;
- hauv kev tsim khoom;
- hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab;
- hauv kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis;
- nyob rau hauv kev sim;
- kev tshawb nrhiav hnub qub.
Daim ntawv teev npe no tsuas yog kwv yees qhia tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo npaum li cas qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov qib hluav taws xob hauv lub atom tau ua tiav. Cov qib hluav taws xob yog qhov roughest, qhov loj tshaj plaws. Muaj me mevibrational, thiab txawm ntau hloov maj mam hloov theem. Tab sis lawv tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau cov tebchaw complex - molecules thiab solids.
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov qauv ntawm lub nucleus tseem tsis tau tshawb pom tag nrho. Piv txwv li, tsis muaj lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yog vim li cas xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm neutrons sib haum mus rau ib tug tej yam xov tooj ntawm protons. Cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias lub atomic nucleus kuj muaj qee qhov analogue ntawm cov qib hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tseem tsis tau muaj pov thawj.
