St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University LETI: tshuaj xyuas. LETI (SPbGETU): faculties

Cov txheej txheem:

St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University LETI: tshuaj xyuas. LETI (SPbGETU): faculties
St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University LETI: tshuaj xyuas. LETI (SPbGETU): faculties
Anonim

Txij li lub sijhawm Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv tau tsim muaj xyoo 1886, nrhiav tau hauv St. Petersburg, thiab txog hnub no, koj tuaj yeem nyeem ntau yam kev tshuaj xyuas txog SPbGETU. LETI yog lub koom haum tshwj xeeb, vim nws nyob ntawm no tias lub tsev kawm ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm xov tooj cua engineering tau yug los, tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. Popov, nws cov koom tes thiab cov thwjtim. Niaj hnub no nws yog hluav taws xob engineering, kev sib txuas lus, thiab ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab cov tswv yim. Thiab tsis ntev los no, lub tsev kawm ntawv tseem tab tom txhim kho thaj chaw humanitarian.

tshuaj xyuas leti
tshuaj xyuas leti

museum

Lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj tag nrho cov tsev khaws puav pheej, uas ua haujlwm nrog kev pabcuam zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv: pawg thawj coj ntawm keeb kwm hauv pawg sab laj kev kawm, pawg thawj coj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia ntawv, pawg thawj coj saib xyuas ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. xovxwm lub cev - cov ntawv xov xwm "Electric". Yuav luag nyob rau thawj hnub, txhua tus neeg thov tau paub txog keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv xaiv, thiab yog li ETU "LETI" tau txais kev txaus siab thawj zaug thiab tshuaj xyuas.

Museum - tib lub sijhawm tshawb fawbib lub tuam tsev kawm ntawv, thiab lub chaw tshawb fawb, txij li kev sau ntawv, cov duab kos duab thiab cov khoom siv tau khaws cia thiab kawm ntawm no, tsim kom muaj cov duab ua tiav ntawm kev tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv hluav taws xob engineering, tag nrho nws cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov lus qhia uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa no. Thiab tam sim no tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tiav ntau ntxiv txog lub neej ntawm thawj tus thawj coj uas tuaj rau nws txoj haujlwm los ntawm kev xaiv tsa - tus kws tshaj lij kws kho mob AS Popov.

Txoj kev

Electrotechnical Institute of Emperor Alexander III tom qab lub kiv puag ncig tau txais lub npe ntawm V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1992 pib hu ua St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University - LETI. Cov tub ntxhais kawm cov lus teb ua pov thawj tias ib txwm, txawm hais tias lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj lub npe dab tsi, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv nws daim teb. Tam sim no cov kws tshaj lij, masters thiab bachelors tau kawm ntawm no ntawm xya lub tsev kawm ntawv nkaus xwb. Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Economics npaj bachelors los ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab ib nrab sijhawm. Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Kawm Txuj Ci Kev Kawm Qib Siab Kev Kawm Txuj Ci ua haujlwm ntawm no.

Bachelor's degree muaj plaub caug-peb ntawm lawv nyob rau nees nkaum thaj chaw - puv sijhawm, cuaj - puv sijhawm thiab nyob rau hauv absentia thiab hauv plaub thaj chaw tsuas yog absentia. Lub magistracy qhia nyob rau hauv kaum rau thaj tsam ntawm tsib caug-ob txoj kev kawm ntawv - puv sij hawm, ob tug yog qhia ua lus Askiv. Ntawm tus kws tshaj lij, kev cob qhia tsuas yog ua los ntawm sab hauv. Ntxiv mus, LETI tau sau cov lus tshuaj xyuas txog yuav luag txhua lub tuam tsev thiab yuav luag txhua xyoo ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj nyob. Plaub caug-ob qhov kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb tab tom tos rau lawv cov kawm tiav thiab cov kws kho mob, cuajdissertation councils ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nees nkaum-peb cheeb tsam. Ntau tshaj yim caum tus neeg kawm tiav los ntawm LETI txhua xyoo. Cov lus teb los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav yog ua tsaug.

cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tshuaj xyuas
cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tshuaj xyuas

Hnub no

Tib lub sijhawm, kwv yees li yim txhiab tus tub ntxhais kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm qhia ntawv yog tsib tus tswvcuab ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, nees nkaum tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom plig thoob ntiaj teb thiab hauv tebchaws, ntau tshaj li ob puas tus kws kho mob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshaj lij, uas txhua xyoo cob qhia txog ob txhiab tus neeg kawm tiav qib siab-tshwj xeeb tsuas yog hauv cov kev kawm yooj yim. Ntxiv rau qhov chaw soj ntsuam kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm tag nrho xya lub tsev kawm ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm LETI (St. Petersburg) kuj cuam tshuam rau technopark nyob hauv nws cov qauv, yim lub chaw kawm txuj ci, tsib lub koom haum tshawb fawb.

Los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas, koj tuaj yeem kawm tau tias, piv txwv li, technopark muaj npe nrov rau ntau yam kev pabcuam kev lag luam uas nws muab rau peb caug yim lub lag luam tshiab, thiab ntau tshaj peb puas tus kws qhia ntawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm hauv nws cov tuam txhab me me. Kev tshuaj xyuas ETULETI tau piav qhia, ib tus yuav hais, nkag siab, thiab lawv muaj ntau heev uas nws nyuaj rau npe txawm tias tus lej kwv yees. Kev txheeb xyuas qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo kuj tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Txawm hais tias muaj qhov tsis zoo, lawv tau ploj mus ib txhis ntawm cov neeg zoo. Nws tsis yog qhov tsis muaj nuj nqis uas ntau tshaj li tsib caug lub tuam txhab ua lag luam high-tech yog cov koom tes nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. Tseem muaj cov neeg koom nrog txawv teb chaws: kaum cuaj lub tuam txhab loj, kaumCov Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tshawb Fawb thiab Chaw Tshawb Fawb thiab rau caum-peb lub tsev kawm ntawv los ntawm nees nkaum peb lub tebchaws.

tshuaj xyuas txog leti spb
tshuaj xyuas txog leti spb

Nyob

Ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Cov Ntaub Ntawv thiab Kev Ntsuas Cov Txheej Txheem thiab Tshuab (FIBS LETI) kev tshuaj xyuas tau sau ntau tshwj xeeb, uas qhia txog kev kawm zoo. Tsis yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv 2013 lub tsev kawm ntawv tau dhau los ua tus yeej ntawm tsoomfwv qhov khoom plig hauv cheeb tsam no, thiab hauv 2015 nws tau nkag mus rau peb lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab engineering hauv tebchaws Russia.

Lub xov tooj cua tseem ceeb, xov tooj cua-kev sib txuas lus thiab xov xwm-tswj tshuab thiab thev naus laus zis, nrog rau cov thev naus laus zis los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev txhawb nqa tib neeg lub neej tau raug tsim los ntawm no. ETU "LETI" tau txais cov kev tshuaj xyuas zoo li no meej vim tias nws yeej tsis nres nws qhov nce mus, tab sis txuas ntxiv qhov kev loj hlob ntawm kev loj hlob raws li lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab, kev koom ua ke kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb.

Kev Kawm

Lub ntsiab lav ntawm qhov ua tau zoo thiab qhov tseeb ntawm HPE yog nws cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev ua tau zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb, vim lawv tsis yog tsuas yog tau txais kev paub, tab sis kuj ntawm nws daim ntawv thov thiab kev lag luam. Cov keeb kwm nplua nuj ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv hluav taws xob qub tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe cuam tshuam rau kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev tshoov siab ntawm txhua tiam neeg ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws tshawb fawb uas tsim cov tsev kawm txuj ci tshiab, thaj chaw kawm, tso qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho thiab kev vam meej ntawm LETI rau ntau xyoo tom ntej.

Tsis muaj kev poob siab, lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav txhim kho txuas ntxiv, nqis peev hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev txhim kho qib siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev kawm cuam tshuam rau cov kws tshaj lij.kev ua ub no, koom nrog txhua txoj hauv kev ua tau thiab koom tes hauv kev tsim cov chaw tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb. ETU "LETI" tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov neeg kawm tiav hais txog kev sib tw tag nrho ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tag nrho thiab lawv tus kheej tau txais kev paub. Cov kawm tiav txawm tias xis nyob hauv ib puag ncig niaj hnub uas muaj kev sib tw thiab kev tawm tsam, uas tsuas yog hais txog lub meej mom ntawm lawv lub tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj.

phib leti reviews
phib leti reviews

Yav Tom Ntej

Keeb Kwm thiab kab lig kev cai yog lub hauv paus zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab zoo tshaj "tag kis". Yuav kom lub neej yav tom ntej zoo dua li tam sim no, cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau txhais. Thiab LETI muaj lawv.

1. Txaus siab rau txhua tus neeg xav tau kev coj ncaj ncees, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev txawj ntse.

2. Txaus siab rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub xeev thiab lub zej zog tag nrho los tsim kom muaj kev coj noj coj ua, kev tswj hwm, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev cob qhia cov neeg tseem ceeb uas muaj peev xwm tsim cov cuab yeej technology, technology thiab science.

3. Txaus siab rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov zej zog rau cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab kev paub.

Cov dej num ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau ua kom ua tiav cov hom phiaj. Thiab qhov no yuav xav tau ntau heev. Koj yuav xav tau:

1. Ua raws cov kev qhia tshiab tshiab ua ke rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb.

2. Ua qhov tseem ceeb, siv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov tswv yim ua haujlwm txhawm rau tsim thiab muag cov khoom siv science.

3. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov tub ntxhais kawm tsim nyog rau pej xeem thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, kev hwm rau keeb kwm ntawm Russia,txawj xav thiab ywj siab, muaj peev xwm kawm tau thoob plaws lub neej.

4. Nws tsim nyog sawv cev rau kev kawm qib siab ntawm Lavxias Federation hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev tshawb fawb.

5. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov tsev kawm tshawb fawb thiab kev qhia txuj ci uas tau tsim keeb kwm thiab raug lees paub los ntawm ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb - lub cev thiab lej, ntuj tsim thiab tib neeg.

Ntawm no yog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tseem ceeb tau teeb tsa los ntawm LETI University.

lethi university reviews
lethi university reviews

St. Petersburg

Kev tshuaj xyuas txog lub tsev kawm ntawv feem ntau pib nrog cov npe ntawm kev zoo nkauj, ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab nyob hauv. Qhov no yog ib qho amazingly zoo nkauj thiab nto moo keeb kwm chaw ntawm St. Petersburg - Aptekarsky Island nyob rau sab Petrograd, ib sab ntawm lub Botanical Garden, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1714 los ntawm Peter lub Great nws tus kheej. Lub quarter ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yog nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm Aptekarsky zeem muag, Instrumentalnaya txoj kev thiab xib fwb Popov txoj kev. Thoob plaws hauv ib puas thiab nees nkaum tsib xyoos ntawm nws lub neej, cov kws tsim vaj tsev zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tau tsim thiab tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv, cov chaw soj nstuam, lub rooj sib tham thiab cov chaw ua kis las, nrog rau cov chaw rau kev ua koob tsheej, tsev noj mov thiab tsev qiv ntawv.

Lub ntsiab façade tau khaws cia txij li xyoo 1903, thiab yog tus tsim ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Vekshinsky. Muaj chav nyeem ntawv thiab ib lub tsev qiv ntawv, qee qhov chaw kuaj mob thiab cov rooj sib tham loj tshaj plaws. Ib lub tis yog nruab nrog lub network ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv lub tsev noj mov, lwm qhov yog Lub Tsev Ua Si, qhov thib peb yog kev tswj hwm, nrog lub rooj sib txoos loj uas tuav ntau pab pawg muaj tswv yim nto moo. Ntawm no, hauv tsev kawm ntawv, Memorial Tsev khaws puav pheej nrog rau chav kuajxov tooj cua inventor A. Popov, xib fwb ntawm physics ntawm lub Electrotechnical School, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tus thawj coj. Lub tsev professorial tau khaws cia thawj chav tsev ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb zoo nrog tag nrho cov rooj tog. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm architecture ntawm tag nrho lub tsev kawm ntawv, kev sib txuas lus yooj yim thiab tsim kev tsim kho vaj tse tso cai rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia ntawv xav tias nyob hauv ib puag ncig zoo.

leti kev tshuaj xyuas
leti kev tshuaj xyuas

yim hostels of LETI

Lub tsev so khaws cov tshuaj xyuas yooj yim, vim tias tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi hauv lub tsev kawm thib ob no. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog tu zoo, nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw kawm, los yog ze rau cov chaw nres tsheb metro. Peb txhiab tus tib neeg nyob ib txhij nyob hauv LETI cov tsev so, qhov chaw tshwj xeeb rau cov chav kawm thiab kev ua si, gyms thiab chav ua noj. Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab xis nyob rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv nyob ntawm no. Kev cai lij choj thiab kev txiav txim raug saib xyuas tas li los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb los ntawm lub tuam txhab kev ruaj ntseg, txwv tsis pub cov neeg sab nraud nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm hostels.

Cov neeg nyob hauv no muaj kev lom zem txawm tias tsis muaj neeg sab nraud: kev sib txuas lus, kev kawm lub cev, hauv Internet, ntau lub koom txoos thiab kev sib tw, hnub so ua kev zoo siab, lub club ua lus Askiv, qhov twg cov neeg uas xav txhim kho lawv cov lus txawv teb chaws. Hauv gyms muaj txhua yam simulators, billiards, rooj ntaus pob tesniv. Muaj Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm hostels, qhov twg muaj ntau yam teeb meem daws teeb meem uas sawv hauv txoj kev ua lub tsev hostel ua lub tsev tiag tiag rau cov tub ntxhais kawm. Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov kev sib koom ua haujlwm zoo uas St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University (LETI) sau cov kev tshuaj xyuas zoo li no, thiab tag nrho lawv tau ntim nrogua tsaug thiab nostalgia.

faculties

Cov kws qhia ntawv qub tshaj plaws yog cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm xibfwb A. Popov - xov tooj cua engineering thiab kev sib txuas lus. Cov neeg kawm tiav ua haujlwm hauv cov kev paub zoo li qhov chaw thiab hauv av, kev tswj hwm thiab kev taw qhia ntawm txhua hom kev thauj mus los, xov tooj ntawm tes thiab satellite kev sib txuas lus, kev pabcuam kev sib txuas lus thiab ntau, ntau ntxiv, lossis ntau dua, yuav luag txhua yam ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm dav tshaj plaws. Cov kws qhia ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm LETI yog, tau kawg, electronics. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis kuj yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm European scientific thiab kev kawm cov chaw soj ntsuam nrog high technologies ntawm niaj hnub electronics. Nws nteg lub hauv paus rau tej thaj chaw xws li ntshav, nqus tsev vacuum thiab X-ray electronics, microwave, solid-state electronics thiab kho qhov muag, raws li zoo raws li quantum. Nov yog lub ntiaj teb ntawm nanotechnology, micro- thiab nanosystem technology.

Cov Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Computer Technologies thiab Informatics cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij uas ua tau raws li cov qauv hauv ntiaj teb rau cov haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam tshiab ntawm Lavxias Federation, thiab ua tsaug rau kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws thiab hauv tsev thiab cov lag luam, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tsim nyog. thiab lawv niaj hnub scientific thiab kev soj ntsuam kuaj, ntau thiab ntau txhim khu kev qha txheej txheem. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov neeg kawm tiav hauv kev lag luam ua haujlwm tau xav tau thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo heev rau kev ua haujlwm, xws li, qhov tseeb, cov kawm tiav ntawm tag nrho lwm cov faculties ntawm LETI.

Leti Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Humanities tshuaj xyuas
Leti Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Humanities tshuaj xyuas

Humanities Kws qhia ntawv

Kev tshuaj xyuas txog tsis ntev los no (1989) tau teeb tsa hauvLub tsev kawm ntawv cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Humanities kuj muaj ntau thiab zoo. LETI khaws cov khoom lag luam hauv txhua yam. Ntawm cov tsev kawm txuj ci, cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm social sciences thiab humanitarian kev cob qhia ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb no yog ib qho ntawm thawj qhov chaw. Ntau tshaj xya pua tus tub ntxhais kawm kawm ntawm no - yav tom ntej kawm tiav hauv tib neeg. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv tau tsim nyog thiab zoo kawg nkaus npaj cov kws tshaj lij uas yuav koom nrog kev sib tham hauv zej zog. Cov kws qhia ntawv kawm tiav nyob rau hauv kev xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam, lawv tau txais cov haujlwm hauv tsoomfwv thiab cov kev pabcuam xovxwm, hauv cov tuam txhab tshiab, hauv kev tshaj tawm thiab kev mus ncig, hauv xov xwm, qhia hauv tsev kawm qib siab, thiab tseem ua haujlwm hauv cov koom haum thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov tuam txhab koom tes.

Kawm ntawm no nyuaj, tab sis cog lus, muaj koob meej thiab nthuav. Ntawm ntau, ib qho kev tso cai tshaj plaws yog Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws ntawm Cov Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Tib Neeg ntawm LETI. Linguistics tau sau cov kev tshuaj xyuas ntau tshaj plaws rau hnub tim, thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Nws cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij uas muaj peev xwm muab kev sib txuas lus sib txuas lus hauv kev tshaj lij ntawm ntau yam kev ua haujlwm, lawv ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus thiab kev sib txuas lus, siv cov tswv yim, thev naus laus zis, ntau yam cuab yeej txhais lus rau kev sib txuas lus siab tshaj plaws. Ntawm no yog ib qho ntawm cov kev qhia dav dav tshaj plaws ntawm kev kawm, txij li kev cob qhia tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm ntau thaj chaw ntawm kev paub txog tib neeg txoj kev paub, cov thev naus laus zis thiab cov txheej txheem niaj hnub siv, kev coj ua tau ua nyob rau hauv cov tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb thiab Lavxias, lub rooj sab laj kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau.exhibitions thiab cov koom haum mus ncig. Kev xyaum ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev cob qhia, tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv University of Dresden thiab hauv tsev kawm ntawv lub caij ntuj sov cov chav kawm hauv Bedfordshire. Cov tub ntxhais kawm lus Askiv feem ntau koom nrog hauv kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv tswv yim, nthuav tawm, tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb.

Ntau

FEM - tsis yog tsuas yog kev paub txog kev lag luam ntawm cov kawm tiav ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv, tab sis kuj yog qhov kev kawm tob tshaj plaws thiab kev kawm txuj ci ntuj. Ntxiv rau, kev txawj ntse niaj hnub hauv kev lag luam, kev tswj xyuas zoo thiab kev tsim kho tshiab. Tag nrho cov no pab cov tub ntxhais hluas cov tub txawg ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv high-tech kev lag luam, nyob rau hauv credit tsev, nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag, analytical thiab kev pab tswv yim tuam txhab uas muag, nyob rau hauv cov koom haum uas tau ntawv pov thawj cov khoom thiab zoo systems.

FPBEI yog ib tug kws qhia ntawv hluas, kawm instrumentation, biomedical thiab ib puag ncig engineering. FEA yog ib qho qub tshaj plaws ntawm LETI. Cov tub ntxhais kawm cov lus hais txog kev kawm ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Hluav Taws Xob Engineering thiab Automation yog ib txwm muaj: qib siab ntawm kev npaj theoretical ntxiv rau cov chav sim niaj hnub tshaj plaws thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis. Cov kws tshaj lij yog qhov xav tau tiag tiag hauv kev lag luam high-tech.

Pom zoo: