Tsi muaj ib tug twg tsis paub lub npe James Joel. Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm tus kws kho mob no tau siv thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau taug txoj kev twg? Nws nrhiav tau dab tsi?
Lub neej ntawm tus kws kho mob zoo heev
James Joule yug rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 24, 1818. Biography ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej physicist pib nyob rau hauv lus Askiv lub zos ntawm Salford, nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm ib tug zoo brewery tswv. Tus tub txoj kev kawm tau tshwm sim hauv tsev, rau qee lub sijhawm nws tau qhia physics thiab chemistry los ntawm John D alton. Ua tsaug rau nws, tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv tau poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog kev tshawb fawb.
Joule tsis muaj kev noj qab haus huv, nws tau siv sijhawm ntau hauv tsev, ua qhov kev sim thiab sim ua lub cev. Twb yog thaum muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoos, vim nws txiv muaj mob, nws yuav tsum tau tswj lub brewery nrog nws tus tij laug. Ua haujlwm ntawm nws txiv lub Hoobkas tsis muab sijhawm rau nws mus kawm ntawv qib siab, yog li James Joule mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau nws lub tsev kuaj mob.
Los ntawm 1838 txog 1847, tus kws kho mob tau mob siab kawm txog hluav taws xob thiab ua rau nws thawj qhov kev kawm tau zoo. Nyob rau hauv Annals of Electricity, nws tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm hais txog hluav taws xob, thiab nyob rau hauv 1841 nrhiav tau ib tug tshiab lub cev txoj cai, uas tam sim no dais nws lub npe.
Xyoo 1847, Joule nkag mus rau hauv nws thawj zaug thiab tsuas yog kev sib yuav rau Amelia Grimes. Tsis ntev lawv muajAlice Amelia thiab Benjamin Arthur yug. Xyoo 1854, nws tus poj niam thiab tus tub tuag. Joule nws tus kheej tuag hauv 1889 hauv tebchaws Askiv, hauv nroog Muag.
Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, nws tau luam tawm txog 97 cov ntawv hauv physics, qee qhov ntawm lawv tau sau ua ke nrog lwm tus kws tshawb fawb: Lyon, Thomson, thiab lwm yam. Rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab tshawb pom cov cai ntawm physics, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau yam khoom plig thiab tau txais ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo. nyiaj laus nyob rau lub neej los ntawm tsoomfwv UK nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 200 phaus.
thawj ua haujlwm thiab kev sim
Thaum saib xyuas lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv nws txiv lub brewery, James Joule txiav txim siab hloov lawv nrog hluav taws xob rau kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv 1838, nws tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv ib tug scientific phau ntawv journal nyob rau hauv uas nws piav txog lub ntaus ntawv ntawm ib tug electromagnetic engine nws invented. Xyoo 1840, lub tshuab hluav taws xob tshiab tau tshwm sim ntawm lub chaw ua dej caw, thiab tus kws kho mob txuas ntxiv mus kawm hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab tso tawm cua sov. Tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.
Thaum lub sijhawm sim, Joule tsim cov ntsuas kub uas ntsuas qhov ntsuas kub nrog qhov tseeb ntawm 1/200 degrees. Qhov no tso cai rau nws mus delve tob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm thermal nyhuv ntawm tam sim no. Xyoo 1840, ua tsaug rau kev soj ntsuam ntxiv, tus kws kho mob pom qhov cuam tshuam ntawm magnetic saturation. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws xa mus rau lub Royal Scientific Society ua hauj lwm "Ntawm kev tsim ntawm tshav kub los ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no." Tsab ntawv tsis raug ntsuas. Tsuas yog Manchester Literary thiab Philosophical Journal pom zoo luam tawm nws.
Joule-Lenz Law
Unrecognized by the London Scientific Society, tsab xov xwm tom qab ntawd tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceebcov kws tshawb fawb ua tiav. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, James Joule tham txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub zog tam sim no thiab tus nqi ntawm cov cua sov tso tawm. Nws tau sib cav tias cov cua kub uas tawm hauv tus neeg xyuas pib yog ncaj qha proportional rau qhov tsis kam ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, lub xwmfab ntawm lub zog thiab lub sijhawm dhau ntawm qhov tam sim no.
Lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov kev xav zoo sib xws tau tsim los ntawm Emilius Lenz. Qhov tseeb hais tias cov conductivity ntawm ib tug hlau conductor nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tau pom los ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab physicist rov qab rau hauv 1832. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov kub thiab txias hauv tus neeg xyuas pib, tus kws tshawb fawb tau tsim lub nkoj tshwj xeeb rau hauv cov dej cawv. Cov xaim los ntawm qhov tam sim no tau dhau mus rau hauv lub nkoj. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau taug qab ntev npaum li cas cov cawv yuav sov. Joule James Prescott siv txoj kev zoo sib xws, tab sis siv dej ua kua.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb Lenz tau luam tawm xyoo 1843 nkaus xwb, tab sis hauv nws cov ntawv sau muaj qhov tseeb kev tshawb fawb ntau dua li ntawm Joule, uas nws txoj haujlwm thaum xub thawj tsis xav luam tawm. Muab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Joule thiab cov kev suav tseeb ntawm Emil Lenz, nws tau txiav txim siab rau npe txoj cai tom qab ob qho tib si. Sij hawm dhau mus, txoj cai Joule-Lenz tau tsim lub hauv paus rau thermodynamics.
Magnetostriction
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog cov khoom ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no, James Joule kawm txog cov xwm txheej sib nqus. Xyoo 1842, nws pom tias hlau hloov pauv loj nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Yog tias cov pas hlau tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw sib nqus, lawv qhov ntev yuav ntev dua me ntsis.
Lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb tsis ntseeg tias muaj kev tshawb pom ntawm no. Qhov kev hloov ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov rods yogyog li tsis tseem ceeb uas tib neeg lub qhov muag tsis tuaj yeem ntes nws. Tab sis tus kws kho mob tau tsim cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas nws tau txais cov pov thawj pom.
Tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias lwm cov hlau kuj muaj qhov cuam tshuam no, thiab qhov tshwm sim nws tus kheej hu ua magnetostriction. Tam sim no, ntau daim ntawv thov tau pom rau kev tshawb pom ntawm Joule. Piv txwv li, cov hlau nplaum magnetostrictive yog cov khoom siv ntawm lub waveguide rau kev ntsuas cov dej hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam. Qhov tshwm sim no kuj yog siv los ua cov cim npe hauv kev tiv thaiv tub sab.
Kev sim roj
Nyob rau hauv lub 40s, James Joule nquag kawm cov khoom ntawm cov roj, uas yog cov phenomena txuam nrog nws expansion thiab contraction. Nws tau ua qhov kev sim nrog kev nthuav dav ntawm cov pa roj tsawg, thaum ua pov thawj tias nws lub zog sab hauv tsis nyob ntawm qhov ntim. Tsuas yog qhov kub ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb xwb.
Xyoo 1848, Joule ntsuas qhov ceev ntawm cov roj molecules thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntawm physics. Qhov kev paub no yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntxov ntawm kinetic txoj kev xav ntawm cov pa roj, muab kev txhawb zog rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv hauv cheeb tsam no. Joule txoj haujlwm tom qab tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Scot James Maxwell.
Rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv kev hwm ntawm Askiv tus kws kho mob, chav ntsuas kev ua haujlwm, qhov ntsuas kub thiab lub zog, Joule, tau raug hu ua.
Joule thiab Thomson
William Thomson tau cuam tshuam loj rau Joule cov haujlwm thiab nws qhov kev lees paub hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntsib hauv xyoo 1847 thaum Joule nthuav tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm kev ntsuas qhov sib npaug ntawm cov cua sov rau British Association of Scientists.
Ua ntej Thomson Joule tsis raug coj mus rau hauv lub voj voog kev tshawb fawb. Leej twg paub, tej zaum peb yuav tsis tau paub txog cov cai ntawm physics nws nrhiav tau yog tias William Thomas tsis tau piav qhia lawv qhov tseem ceeb rau "snobs" ntawm cov neeg Askiv.
Ua ke, physicists tau kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov pa roj, pom tias cov pa cua txias thaum lub sijhawm adiabatic throttling. Ntawd yog, qhov kub ntawm cov pa roj (los yog kua) txo qis thaum lub sij hawm dhau los ntawm lub qhov ncauj (lub valve cais). Qhov tshwm sim hu ua Joule-Thomson effect. Tam sim no qhov tshwm sim no tau siv kom tau txais qhov kub thiab txias.
Cov kws tshawb fawb kuj tau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov ntsuas ntsuas kub, muaj npe tom qab lub npe ntawm Tswv Kelvin, uas yog William Thomson.
James Joule lees txim
koob meej thiab kev lees paub tseem dhau ntawm tus kws kho mob Askiv. Nyob rau xyoo 1950, nws tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Royal Society of London thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig Royal Medal. Xyoo 1866 nws tau txais Copley medal thiab tom qab ntawd Albert medal.
Ntau zaus Joule tau los ua Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm British Scientific Association. Nws tau txais tus kws kho mob ntawm Laws degrees los ntawm Dublin College, Edinburgh thiab Oxford Universities.
Muaj ib tug pej thuam nyob rau hauv nws lub meej mom ntawm City Hall nyob rau hauv Manchester thiab ib tug memorial nyob rau hauv Westminster Abbey. Muaj ib tug James Joule crater nyob deb ntawm lub hli.
Zoo kawg
Tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo, uas nws lub npe tau muab rau cov cai ntawm physics thiab units ntawm kev ntsuas, tsis tuaj yeem lees paub. Ua tsaug rau nwskev ua siab ntev thiab ua haujlwm, nws tsis nres ua ntej ntau qhov kev ua tsis tiav. Thaum kawg, nws tau ua pov thawj txoj cai rau nws qhov chaw hauv qab lub hnub, lossis tsawg kawg ntawm lub lunar crater.
