Kev tshem tawm ntawm daim npav system hauv USSR yog hnub tseem ceeb heev. Tab sis ua ntej tham txog qhov xwm txheej no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nkag siab tias qhov system no sawv cev li cas. Daim npav system tau siv dav los ntawm ntau lub xeev thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, kev lag luam kev lag luam, thiab kev hloov pauv. Qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm daim npav ua pov thawj rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo hauv lub tebchaws.
daim npav system yog dab tsi
Daim npav qhia txog qee yam txheej txheem rau kev faib zaub mov ntawm cov pejxeem. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws capitalist tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov system no tau txais kev pab los muab zaub mov rau lub socially unprotected seem ntawm cov pejxeem. Daim npav (lossis daim coupons) tau muab tawm raws li cov qauv ntawm tus neeg siv txhua hli ntawm qee yam khoom. Nrog rau kev tshem tawm ntawm qhov kev faib nyiaj, zaub mov tau rov muaj dawb.
Keeb kwm ntawm daim npav hauv ntiaj teb
Thawjcov lus hais txog cov qauv rau kev tshaj tawm cov khoom tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient Rome. Cov ntaub ntawv Loos uas tau nqes los rau peb hais txog "tessers" - tooj liab lossis hlau tokens, pauv rau cov pej xeem zoo tib yam tuaj yeem tau txais qee qhov ntsuas ntawm cov roj txiv roj, cawv thiab nplej. Daim npav ntsuas tau nrov heev thaum lub sijhawm Fabkis Revolution (1793-1797). Cov Fabkis tau txais daim npav uas muab lawv txoj cai los yuav cov khoom tseem ceeb. Thaum xub thawj, daim coupon tau muab tsuas yog rau khob cij, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kab ke no kis mus rau xab npum, qab zib, nqaij.
Daim npav system hauv kev nkag siab niaj hnub no tau siv hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib. Tsis yog txhua lub xeev tau siv txoj kev faib zaub mov no, tab sis ob peb lub zog belligerent tau siv nws zoo. Kev tshem tawm ntawm daim npav system tau tshwm sim qee lub sijhawm tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev ua phem. Cov kab ke no tau nrov dua thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob thiab hauv lub hlis tshaib plab tom qab nws. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, cov txheej txheem no tau siv los tiv thaiv cov zaub mov tsis txaus nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lub socialist bloc.
Card system hauv pre-revolutionary Russia
Nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws, kev tshaj tawm daim coupon khoom noj thawj zaug tau ua nyob rau hauv Emperor Nicholas II. Nws yog ib qho kev ntsuas quab yuam, tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis txaus zaub mov hnyav tshaj plaws vim yog kev ua tsov rog. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1916, daim npav tau nthuav tawm hauv ntau lub xeev.
Nws yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg nyiam khoom qab zib: vim muaj qhov lojkev ua phem, Poland tau nyob thiab tsis muaj peev xwm muab Russia nrog cov khoom tsim los ntawm nws cov qab zib refineries.
Daim coupons zaub mov hauv USSR
29.04.1917 Tsoom Fwv Tsev Kawm Ntawv ib ntus kuj tau txiav txim siab siv cov txheej txheem no. Ib qho "grain monopoly" tau qhia hauv ntau lub nroog loj. Raws li tsoomfwv xav tau, tag nrho cov nplej tau suav tias yog cov cuab yeej ntawm lub xeev. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb sau qoob loo poob lawv cov nyiaj tau los tseem ceeb.
Tom qab ntawd, qhov tsis muaj kev tswj hwm kev luam tawm cov nyiaj luam tawm ua rau lub cev nyiaj txiag tawg. Sim nrhiav txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm kev kub ntxhov, tsoomfwv tau txiav txim siab txuas ntxiv siv daim npav system thiab txawm tias nthuav dav. Twb tau nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1917, nqaij, cereals thiab butter tau muab tso rau ntawm daim coupon. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm tib lub xyoo, lub rationing system txuas mus rau nqaij qaib qe thiab zaub roj. Thaum lub caij ntuj no, khoom qab zib thiab tshuaj yej ploj ntawm lub neej txhua hnub.
Thawj qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm daim npav system hauv USSR (hnub tim - Kaum Ib Hlis 11, 19121) yog vim muaj kev hloov pauv mus rau Txoj Cai Tshiab Nyiaj Txiag (NEP). Qhov kev ntsuas no tau thov los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet economists. Nws lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau txhim kho qhov xwm txheej hauv kev lag luam txawv teb chaws thiab hauv tsev. Qhov kev hloov pauv nyiaj txiag no thiab kev tshem tawm ntawm daim npav system yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab tuaj yeem rov qab kho lub teb chaws txoj kev lag luam, yog tias tsis yog rau kev ua phem ntawm tsoomfwv cov tsoomfwv.
Hauv xyoo 1929, nthwv dej thib ob ntawm daim coupon tau los txog. Loj hlob zoo li snowball, sai sai nwstau txais tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim loj hauv nruab nrab.
Xyoo 1931, yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus tau them los ntawm kev faib khoom, thiab cov khoom lag luam tau nqus me ntsis tom qab.
Public voucher distribution system
Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias zaub mov thiab lwm yam khoom tseem ceeb tau muab tso rau hauv cov chav kawm nruj. Daim npav ntawm thawj qeb tau npaj rau cov chav kawm ua haujlwm (800 g ntawm qhob cij ib hnub). Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev neeg tau muab 400 g ntawm cov khoom ci hauv ib hnub.
qeb thib ob siv rau cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tau txais 300 grams khob cij rau lawv tus kheej thiab rau cov neeg nyob hauv. Cov "cov khoom tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig" muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj tshaj plaws. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov txiv plig feem ntau tsis muaj cai tau txais daim coupon. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov neeg uas tau txais txoj cai tswjfwm tseem raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov system.
Yog li ntawd, cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas tsis tau txais daim npav suav nrog 80% ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm USSR. Qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees no ua haujlwm tau 5 xyoos. Lub ration card system raug tshem tawm thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1935. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam tsis tau yooj yim dua rau tib neeg, vim tias tsuas yog ob peb hnub tom qab tshem tawm daim coupon, cov nqi hmoov nplej thiab qab zib yuav luag ob npaug.
Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II thiab kev faib nyiaj txiag
Thaum Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj tau pib, lub xeev yuav tsum tau ua nruj me ntsis txhawm rau cawm ntau txhiab tus neeg los ntawm kev tshaib plab. Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, ntau tus neeg yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau daim npav system.cov xeev koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov khoom raug muab tso rau hauv kev sib pauv rau daim coupon hauv Nyiv, Tebchaws Askiv, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Canada thiab ntau lub tebchaws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States of America xyoo 1942, tib neeg tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom noj nqaij, qab zib, roj av, tsheb log tsheb, tsheb kauj vab thiab ntau yam ntxiv nrog daim npav. Rau ib lub lim tiam, ib tug neeg Amelikas yuav tsum muaj 227 grams qab zib, thiab nrog rau cov khoom noj tsis zoo - 129 grams txhua. Cov qauv rau kev muab roj av rau cov neeg uas tsis koom nrog kev tiv thaiv kev ua ub no tau tswj hwm nruj heev (11-13 litres roj av ib lub lis piam).
Daim npav kaw lus tau muab tso tseg hauv lub xyoo xaus ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, tab sis tsis yog rau txhua yam khoom. Raws li cov zaub mov thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam rov qab los, daim coupons tau maj mam muab tawm.
Nyob rau hauv Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees, daim npav system tau qhia rov qab rau xyoo 1939 thiab suav nrog ntau dua 60 cov khoom lag luam uas tsis muaj muag tsis tu ncua.
Xyoo 1939, daim npav system tau qhia hauv Czech koom pheej. Nyob ntawd, roj, qhob cij, qab zib, ntaub, thiab txawm tias khaub ncaws thiab khau tau muab tso rau ntawm daim coupon. Kev tshem tawm ntawm daim npav system tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog hauv lub tebchaws no tsis tshwm sim, daim coupon muaj nyob rau xyoo 1953.
Ib qho xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau pom hauv UK. Daim npav rau roj, khoom qab zib thiab nqaij tsuas yog raug tshem tawm hauv xyoo 1950-1954. Nyiv tau tso tseg daim npav system hauv xyoo 1949, thiab xyoo 1952 lub xeev tau tso tseg tag nrho cov nqi tswj hwm hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev. Hauv tebchaws Ixayees, daim npav siv sijhawm tsuas yog peb xyoos (los ntawm 1949 txog 1952), tab sis raug tshem tawm sai vim nws tsis muaj peev xwm.
The hardest stagecard system nyob rau hauv lub USSR
Hauv xyoo 1941, qhov thib peb ntawm kev siv daim npav nruab nrab pib. Lub caij ntuj sov no, daim coupon rau ntau yam khoom noj thiab qee cov khoom lag luam tau qhia hauv Moscow thiab Leningrad. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1942, kev txais khoom noj hauv kev sib pauv rau daim npav tau ua tiav hauv 57 lub nroog loj ntawm USSR. Tom qab tsov rog, lwm qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm daim npav tau tshwm sim, hnub uas poob rau xyoo 1947.
Qhov no txhais tau tias lub tebchaws maj mam tawm ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis. Cov nroj tsuag thiab factories tau rov ua haujlwm dua. Kev tshem tawm ntawm daim npav system hauv USSR, uas tau pib thaum kawg ntawm 1945, tau dhau los ua qhov kawg hauv xyoo 1947. Ua ntej, mov ci thiab cereals tsis tau muab tso rau ntawm daim coupon, thiab daim npav qab zib yog qhov kawg yuav tsum tau muab tso tseg.
Sib ntaus cov zaub mov tsis txaus hauv USSR
yoj plaub ntawm daim coupon no tau dhau los ntawm peb lub tebchaws tsis ntev los no, ntau tus neeg nco qab txhua yam tsis yooj yim cuam tshuam nrog lub neej "ntawm daim npav".
Qhov tseeb me ntsis yog qhov kev taw qhia hauv 1983 ntawm daim coupon rau sausages hauv Sverdlovsk. Ntawm ib sab, kev yuav khoom siv daim npav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau, tab sis, ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg nyob hauv ntau thaj tsam tsis tuaj yeem yuav cov hnyuv ntxwm ntawm txhua lub khw muag khoom.
Hauv xyoo 1989, daim npav system kis mus rau txhua cheeb tsam ntawm USSR. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub sijhawm no yog qhov tsis muaj qhov sib xws hauv kev faib cov coupons. Nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam, lub kaw lus tau tsim los rau hauv tus account economic thiab industrial yam ntxwv. Qee lub hoobkasmuab tawm lawv cov khoom rau cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lawv cov khoom.
Pom daim coupons
Daim npav rau cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom lag luam tau luam tawm ntau ntau, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim frills hauv lawv cov qauv tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, Lavxias teb sab daim coupon sau Y. Yakovlev thov tias thawj daim npav tau muab tso rau hauv qee qhov chaw.
Yog li, lub npe hu ua "hedgehogs" (universal coupons) tau nrov hauv Chita. Hauv cheeb tsam Zelenograd, ib sab ntawm lub npe ntawm cov khoom, nws cov duab tau siv. Nyob rau hauv Altai, vodka daim coupon muaj inscription "Sobriety yog ib txoj kev ntawm lub neej," thiab nyob rau hauv Bratsk, ntsuab dab ntxwg nyoog nrog tsom iav nyob rau hauv lawv paws flaunted ntawm daim coupon rau vodka.
Peb tau siv sai sai rau daim npav system. Lub abolition ntawm daim npav system nyob rau hauv lub USSR, lub hnub ntawm uas yog maj los ze zog, tsis zoo li tempting. Muaj lub sijhawm kom tau txais cov khoom zoo tuaj ntawm daim coupon. "Barter" kis mus rau txhua qhov chaw, thaum cov khoom yuav nrog daim npav tau muag ntawm tus nqi qis hauv khw. Kev tshem tawm ntawm daim npav system hauv USSR, lub sijhawm no yog qhov kawg, tau tshwm sim xyoo 1992 nrog rau kev sib kis ntawm kev lag luam dawb.
