Kev ua haujlwm tawm tsam Insterburg-Koenigsberg yog ib feem ntawm East Prussian tub rog phiaj xwm. Cov lus txib German tau siv tag nrho cov kev ntsuas ua tau los npaj rau kev tawm tsam ntev hauv cov xwm txheej siege. Muaj ntau lub warehouses thiab arsenals hauv Koenigsberg, underground factories ua.
Txheej txheem ntawm German tiv thaiv kab ke
Cov invaders tsim peb lub nplhaib ntawm kev tawm tsam. Thawj yog nyob 6-8 km ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Koenigsberg. Nws suav nrog trenches, ib qho kev tiv thaiv tank ditch, barbed hlau thiab minefields. Muaj 15 lub forts ua rov qab rau xyoo 1882. Txhua tus muaj garrison rau 200-500 tus neeg. nrog 12-15 phom. Lub nplhaib thib ob dhau los ntawm sab nrauv ntawm Koenigsberg. Cov pob zeb pob zeb, thaiv thaiv, cov ntsiab lus tua ntawm cov minefields thiab cov ntsiab lus tua tau nyob ntawm no. Lub nplhaib thib peb dhau mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog. Nws suav nrog 9 bastions, ravelins thiab towers ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th thiab rebuilt nyob rau hauv 1843-1873. Koenigsberg nws tus kheejhais txog lub nroog ntawm kev npaj sib xyaw. Nws lub hauv paus tau tsim ua thaum ntxov li 1525. Nws cov qauv yog tus cwj pwm zoo li radial-circular. Nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, ib qho kev sib txuas ua ke tau kov yeej, thiab nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj - ib qho arbitrary. Yog li ntawd, lub koom haum ntawm kev tiv thaiv German nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Cov forts, uas tau nyob 6-8 km ntawm qhov chaw, nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm tsis ntau tshaj 4 km ntawm ib leeg. Kev sib txuas lus hluav taws kub tau teeb tsa ntawm lawv thiab trench tau nruab. Hauv qee qhov chaw muaj kev tiv thaiv lub tank txuas ntxiv. Nws qhov dav yog 6-10 km, thiab qhov tob yog li peb meters.
Kev tiv thaiv ntxiv
Nrog txoj kev nplhaib nyob ze ze rau hauv plawv nroog, txoj siv sia sab hauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv suav nrog cov trenches puv thiab 24 lub ntiaj teb forts. Cov tom kawg tau txuas mus rau ib leeg los ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub tank, uas yog ib nrab ntim nrog dej. Cov hlua tiv thaiv sab nrauv thiab sab hauv tau sib cais los ntawm ob lub nplhaib nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj 1-2 kab ntawm trenches, bunkers, pillboxes, uas nyob rau hauv ib co cheeb tsam yog them los ntawm minefields thiab barbed hlau.
Ntawm cov ntsiab lus
Lub hauv paus ntawm kev tiv thaiv sab hauv tau tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus muaj zog. Lawv tau sib cuag nrog cov hluav taws kub hnyiab thiab tau them los ntawm cov muaj zog tiv thaiv tank thiab tiv thaiv cov neeg tiv thaiv. Cov chaw ruaj khov tseem ceeb tau nruab rau ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm txoj kev hauv cov qauv pob zeb, qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws thiab yoog rau kev tiv thaiv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqacov ntsiab lus, tau them nrog barricades, gouges, blockages. Ntau yam khoom siv tau siv rau lawv kev tsim kho. Ob peb lub ntsiab lus uas muaj hluav taws sib txuas nrog ib leeg tsim cov kev tiv thaiv. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, tau pab pawg ua kab. Lub koom haum ntawm kev tua hluav taws tau ua tiav los ntawm kev hloov kho cov qauv rau kev siv dagger tshuab-phom thiab phom tua phom. Kev teeb tsa cov phom loj thiab rab phom tshuab hnyav yog nyob rau hauv cov plag tsev qis, mortars, grenade launchers thiab tshuab rab phom - nyob rau hauv pem teb sab saud.
Kev sib tw ntawm cov rog
Kev ua haujlwm Koenigsberg xyoo 1945 tau tshwm sim nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov tub rog ntawm 2nd thiab 3rd Belorussian pem hauv ntej raws li cov lus txib ntawm KK Rokossovsky thiab I. D. Chernyakhovsky, 43rd pab tub rog ntawm 1st B altic Front, coj los ntawm I H. Baghramyan. Cov tub rog Soviet tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm hiav txwv los ntawm B altic Fleet nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Admiral V. F. Tributs. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 15 ua ke-arms, 1 tank tub rog, 5 mechanized thiab tank corps, 2 cua tub rog koom nyob rau hauv lub hostilities. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1945, Koenigsberg tau tiv thaiv los ntawm ib pab pawg "Center" (txij li 26.01 - "North"). Cov lus txib tau ua los ntawm Colonel General G. Reinhardt (txij li 26.01 - L. Rendulich). Kev tawm tsam los ntawm German sab tau muab los ntawm 2 daim teb thiab 1 lub tank tub rog, 1 lub dav hlau dav hlau.
Command plan
Kev ua haujlwm Koenigsberg, luv luv, txhais tau tias txiav tawm East Prussian pawg los ntawm tus so. Tom qab ntawd nws tau npaj yuav thawb nws mus rau hauv hiav txwv thiab rhuav tshem nws. Rau qhov no, cov tub rog Sovietyuav tsum tawm tsam ib txhij ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb hauv kev sib koom ua ke. Raws li kev xav los ntawm cov lus txib, kev tawm tsam ntawm Pillau kuj tau npaj.
Insterburg-Koenigsberg lag luam
Kev ua haujlwm nquag ntawm cov tub rog Soviet tau pib thaum Lub Ib Hlis 13th. Lub 3rd Belorussian Pem hauv ntej tsoo cov tawv tawv tsis kam ntawm Germans, tsoo los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm 18.01 sab qaum teb ntawm Numbinnen. Cov tub rog nce hauv av los ntawm 20-30 km. Lub nkoj tab tom xa khoom mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj Belorussian, thiab kev cia siab yuav tuaj txog muaj Lub Ob Hlis 14, 01:01. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua nruj, cov tub rog tau tswj hwm los ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab tsim kev tawm tsam sai. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog thib 28 thiab 5 tau ua tiav lawv txoj kev tawg. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19, cov tub rog 39 thiab 43 tau ntes Tilsit. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua, cov yeeb ncuab pab pawg tau nyob ib puag ncig thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19-22. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 22, cov tub rog Soviet tau pib tawm tsam ntawm Interburg. Lub nroog raug ntes thaum sawv ntxov. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 26, cov tub rog tau mus txog lub hiav txwv B altic sab qaum teb ntawm Elibing. Cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg German tau muab faib ua pawg cais. Ib feem ntawm Pawg Tub Rog thib 2 tau tswj hwm kom hloov mus hla Vistula mus rau Pomerania. Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab rog thawb rov qab mus rau hauv hiav txwv tau raug xa mus rau cov units ntawm 3rd Belorussian Front, pab los ntawm 4th Army ntawm 2nd Front. Tus so ntawm cov tub rog tau ua haujlwm ntawm Koenigsberg (cov duab ntawm qee lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm). Qhov thib ob ntawm kev sib tw tub rog pib thaum Lub Peb Hlis 13.
Koenigsberg kev ua haujlwm: kev nce qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 29, cov tub rog Soviet tau rhuav tshem pawg Hejlsberg. Lub Plaub Hlis 6, kev tawm tsam tau pibKoenigsberg. Qhov chaw ntawm 3rd Belorussian Front nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Vasilevsky koom nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Lawv tau pab los ntawm B altic Fleet. Lub Königsberg kev ua haujlwm raug cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov muaj peb lub nplhaib tiv thaiv. Ua ntej pib qhov kev tawm tsam, cov phom loj loj ntawm cov nkoj thiab sab xub ntiag tau tua lub nroog thiab tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv rau 4 hnub, yog li rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab mus ntev. Kev ua haujlwm Koenigsberg nws tus kheej tau pib rau lub Plaub Hlis 6. Cov Germans muab tawv tawv tsis kam. Tab sis thaum kawg ntawm lub hnub, cov tub rog 39th tau tswj kom nkag mus rau ntau kilometers mus rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv. Cov tub rog txiav txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau Konigsberg-Pillau. Lub sijhawm no, 50th, 43rd thiab 11th Guards. armies tsoo los ntawm thawj lub nplhaib tiv thaiv. Lawv tswj tau los ze rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub nroog. Qhov chaw ntawm 43rd Army yog thawj zaug tawg rau hauv lub fortress. 2 hnub tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua tawv ncauj, cov tub rog Soviet tau tswj hwm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab qhov chaw nres nkoj, ntau qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab tub rog. Thawj txoj hauj lwm uas Koenigsberg yuav tsum tau daws yog txiav tawm lub garrison los ntawm cov rog nyob rau hauv lub Zemland Peninsula.
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua phem
Thaum npaj cov theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm Koenigsberg, Soviet cov lus txib thawj zaug txiav txim siab pib txoj kab rau kev tawm tsam, qhov twg infantry thiab firepower tau zais zais. Tom qab ntawd qhov kev txiav txim sib ntaus sib tua tau tsim, tom qab ntawd lub tank units tau rub tawm. Cov phom ncaj qha tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw tua hluav taws, cov kab lus tau teeb tsa hauv cov teeb meem. Tom qab ntawd, cov haujlwm rauphom phom units, artillery thiab tso tsheb hlau luam, nrog rau kev txhim kho kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tub rog units. Tom qab ib tug luv luv, tab sis zoo meej npaj, direct-coj phom, ntawm ib tug teeb liab, qhib hluav taws los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntes firing ntsiab lus, phab ntsa thiab lub qhov rais ntawm lub tsev, embrasures los rhuav tshem lawv. Cov chaw sab nrauv tau raug txiav txim siab tawm tsam los ntawm kev ua phem detachments. Lawv tsiv nrawm mus rau cov txheej txheem sab nraud. Tom qab ib tug grenade nres, lub tsev raug ntes. Thaum tawg mus rau sab nrauv, cov tub rog tua rog tau nkag mus tob rau hauv lub nroog. Cov tub rog infiltrated los ntawm cov chaw ua si, txoj kab, lub vaj, yards, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab coj tus kheej lub quarters thiab cov qauv, cov subunits tam sim ntawd coj lawv mus rau hauv lub xeev tiv thaiv. Cov qauv pob zeb tau ntxiv dag zog. Kev tsim kho nyob rau sab nrauv uas ntsib cov yeeb ncuab tau tshwj xeeb yog ua tib zoo npaj. Nyob rau hauv lub quarters nyob los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet, muaj kev ruaj ntseg tau nruab, tag nrho cov kev tiv thaiv raug tsim, commandants lub luag hauj lwm tuav lub ntsiab lus raug xaiv. Nyob rau thawj ob peb hnub ntawm kev tawm tsam, tub rog aviation tau ua tiav yuav luag 14 txhiab sorties, poob txog 3.5 txhiab tons ntawm cov foob pob ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab pab tub rog.
German capitulation
8.04 Cov lus txib ntawm Soviet tau xa cov neeg sawv cev tuaj rau hauv lub fortress nrog kev thov kom tso lawv txhais caj npab. Txawm li cas los xij, tus yeeb ncuab tsis kam, txuas ntxiv tawm tsam. Txog thaum sawv ntxov lub Plaub Hlis 9, ntau lub tsev ntawm cov tub rog tau sim thim mus rau sab hnub poob. Tab sis qhov kev ua ntawm 43rd Army ua rau cov phiaj xwm no tsis txaus siab. Vim li ntawd, tus yeeb ncuab thiaj khiav tsis taulos ntawm lub nroog. Los ntawm Zemland Peninsula, units ntawm 5th Panzer Division sim tawm tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tawm tsam no kuj ua tsis tiav. Kev tawm tsam loj ntawm Soviet aviation thiab artillery tau pib ntawm kev muaj sia nyob ntawm German tiv thaiv nodes. Units ntawm 11 Guards. cov tub rog tau ntaus cov Germans uas tawm tsam hauv lub nroog. Yog li ntawd, lub Plaub Hlis 9, lub garrison raug yuam kom nteg caj npab.
Results
Koenigsberg kev ua haujlwm tau ua kom tso tawm cov nroog tseem ceeb. Cov chav tseem ceeb ntawm East Prussian German pab pawg raug rhuav tshem. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov rog tseem nyob ntawm Zemland Peninsula. Txawm li cas los xij, pab pawg no tau sai sai. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv Soviet, kwv yees li 94 txhiab fascists raug ntes, kwv yees li 42 txhiab raug tua. Soviet units tau ntes ntau tshaj 2 txhiab phom, ntau tshaj 1600 mortars, 128 aircraft. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov xwm txheej ua los ntawm G. Kretinin, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov neeg raug kaw muaj txog 25-30 txhiab tus pej xeem uas tau mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus sau. Hauv qhov no, tus kws sau keeb kwm qhia txog 70.5 txhiab tus tub rog German raug ntes tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Kev ua haujlwm Koenigsberg tau cim los ntawm foob pob hluav taws hauv Moscow. Ntawm 324 phom, 24 rab phom raug tua. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub teb chaws cov thawj coj tau tsim ib qho khoom plig, thiab 98 units ntawm cov tub rog tau txais lub npe "Kenigsberg". Raws li cov ntaub ntawv Soviet, kev poob hauv cov tub rog Soviet muaj txog 3,700 tus neeg tuag. G. Kretinin sau tseg tias tag nrho cov haujlwm tau teeb tsa thiab ua tiav "tsis yog los ntawm tus lej, tab sis los ntawm kev txawj ntse".
Zoo kawg
Thaum lub sijhawm East Prussian phiaj los nqis tes, cov tub rog Soviet tau qhia txog kev txawj ntse thiab kev ua yeeb yam tshwj xeeb. Lawv tswj kom kov yeej ntau lub nplhaib tiv thaiv muaj zog, tawv ncauj thiab tawv tawv tiv thaiv los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Kev yeej hauv kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav vim muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntev. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog Soviet tau tswj hwm East Prussia thiab tso tawm sab qaum teb ntawm Poland.
