Thawj cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Poles tsim yuav luag tib lub sijhawm raws li lub xeev Polish. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 10th - thaum ntxov 11th centuries, Poland yog ib tug me me lub xeev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Feem ntau ntawm nws yog nyob los ntawm ib tug neeg Slavic pab pawg neeg. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Poland ciam teb rau Prussians thiab knightly xaj, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj - ntawm Kievan Rus, nyob rau sab qab teb - ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Hungary.
Historians paub txog lub npe hu ua "mail squads" los ntawm lub sijhawm Mieszko thawj zaug thiab Boleslav lub siab tawv. Ua tsaug rau nws cov tub rog muaj zog, Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Poland tsis tau pom tias yog yeeb ncuab los ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Teutons thiab Ntaj. Tab sis cov neeg nyob sib ze - cov Lithuanians - ua ntej tsim lawv tus kheej thawj tswj hwm tsis muaj cov tub rog hnyav, tab sis muaj cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua nrog darts thiab clubs. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsis tuaj yeem nres qhov kev txiav txim hnyav hnyav, uas tso cai rau kev txiav txim kom ntes qee thaj chaw ntawm Slavs thiab Prussians.
Polish hussars - irregular cavalry
Nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Grunwald thaum Lub Xya Hli 15, 1410, nruab nrab ntawm kev txiav txim siab knightly thiab lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Poland, hauv kev koom tes nrog Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lithuania, cov tub rog Tatar tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev yeej, uas tau tawg los ntawm kev tiv thaiv. nrog lawv lub siabCrusaders.
Lub sijhawm peb caug xyoo ua tsov rog nrog Sweden xyoo 1630-1660, cov tub rog Polish tau ntiav cov tub rog tsis tu ncua los ntawm Lithuanians, Tatars, Serbs, Hungarians thiab lwm haiv neeg. Lawv yog cov tub rog zoo heev uas paub siv txhua qhov xwm txheej yooj yim, tab sis tsis nyiam sib ntaus nrog cov yeeb ncuab sib tw. Txawm li cas los xij, Sweden, uas tsis muaj cov tub rog zoo li no, ntshai heev los koom nrog cov tub rog zoo li no ua ntej txoj hauv kev ntawm cov phoojywg - Zaporizhzhya Cossacks.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, cov tub rog Polish muaj cov tub rog hnyav hnyav thiab cov teeb tsis sib xws, uas suav nrog Tatars, Cossacks, Serbs, Lithuanians, Moldavians thiab lwm haiv neeg. Cov tub rog no tau ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej hauv ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua. Lub creation ntawm Polish cavalry irregulars nyob rau hauv ib tug mus tas li lub hauv paus los ua ib tug teeb meem ntawm lub sij hawm.
Rzeczpospolita - kev tsim tshiab ntawm daim ntawv qhia Europe
Thaum Poland thiab Lithuania koom ua ke, lub npe hu ua Rzeczpospolita tau tshwm sim, uas xav tau cov tub rog tshiab los tiv thaiv ciam teb sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj, sib zog dua li hmuv units, suav nrog cov tub rog yug los. Txoj kev tiv thaiv ciam teb tshiab tau hu ua Potochna Defense, thiab Peter Myshkovsky tau raug xaiv tsa thawj lub taub hau. Qhov no yog li cas Polish hussars thawj zaug. Thaum pib ntawm kev tsim cov tub rog no, cov neeg txawv tebchaws, xws li Serbs, tau raug xaiv los rau hauv lawv, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv pib coj Poles nyob ntawd thiab.
Cov chav hussar tau muab faib ua spearmen thiab archers, vim tias tsis muaj ciam teb txaus nyob rau thawj theem ntawm kev txhim kho kev tiv thaivhnyav nees. Yog li ntawd, lub teeb hussar formations tau kawm los tua ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv ze thiab xoob formations.
Ib me ntsis tom qab, cov hussars tau dhau los ua tub rog ntau yam thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Cov tub rog Polish muaj lawv nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog rau cov knightly cavalry. Txhua tus spearman los yog comrade (los ntawm Polish txhais tau tias "comrade-in-arms") yuav tsum tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tub rog nrog rau ob peb archers, uas hu ua paholiki. Lawv tuaj yeem yog los ntawm 2 mus rau 14 tus neeg lossis ntau dua. Nws tsis yog qhov tsis yooj yim rau tus spearman tuaj ntawm nws tus kheej, tsis muaj kev saib xyuas. Ib tug phooj ywg yuav riam phom rau cov paholik, vim lawv riam phom muaj ntau yam.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, vim muaj kev sib kis ntawm cov phom loj hauv Tebchaws Europe, qhov kev thov rau cov tub rog hnyav tau poob sai heev. Yog li ntawd, tus huab tais Polish nto moo Stefan Batory, tus kws tshaj lij tshaj lij thiab tus thawj coj txawj ntse, tau pib hloov kho cov tub rog, suav nrog cov tub rog.
Kev yug los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish cavalry units
Ntawm ntawm Polish gentry, cov chav hussar tau maj mam tig mus rau hauv cuirassier cavalry. Cov neeg tseem ceeb tsim no tau pib txais cov tswv av nplua nuj. Txhua tus yuav tsum nqa 4 paholiks nrog lawv. Polish tis hussars yuav tsum muaj ib tug nees zoo. Thaum mus ua rog, lawv yuav tsum muaj hmuv, armor thiab lub luj tshib, kaus mom hlau, phom luv, saber lossis rab ntaj. Raws li txoj cai, comrades muab daim tawv nqaij ntawm ntau yam tsiaj nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub armor. Hauv cov duab qub qub, feem ntau koj tuaj yeem pom tias tus tis hussar hnav li cas ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tsov txaij, tsov txaij, dais, hma thiab lwm yam tsiaj.
Vim Guard
Cov phooj ywg thiab paholiki feem ntau muab tso rau ntawm tus qauv tsim ntawm tis hla lub armor. Nws tuaj yeem yog tis ntawm qaib ntxhw, eagle lossis goose. Thaum xub thawj, cov tis me me tau ua, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm daim ntaub thaiv los yog ntawm lub pommel ntawm lub eeb tom qab. Nws ntseeg tau tias thaum lub sijhawm txav mus los, cov plaub ua rau lub suab tsis zoo rau cov yeeb ncuab nees uas tsis tau npaj. Cov nees ntawm cov yeeb ncuab mus berserk, tsis kam ua raws li cov lus txib ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb - thiab cov yeeb ncuab system tawg mus rau hauv ntau yam uncontrolled.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, lub tsho hussar hloov pauv: cov tis loj tuaj thiab pib muab khi rau sab nraub qaum thiab dai saum tus neeg caij tsheb lub taub hau. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, tis muaj cov yam ntxwv ntxiv - kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus neeg caij tsheb los ntawm lub lasso thiab softening lub tshuab thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov tis loj thiab cov tawv nqaij tsiaj hnav ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tub rog yuav tsum tau ua rau tus neeg sib tw demoralized. Muaj pov thawj keeb kwm rau qhov kev xav no.
Ib tus neeg koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Vienna xyoo 1683 piv rau Polish cov tub rog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tub rog tis, uas coj kev tawm tsam rau cov tub rog Turkish, nrog cov tub rog tubtxib saum ntuj uas nqis los saum ntuj los rau txim rau cov neeg txhaum. Lwm cov kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg tias qhov kev lig kev cai no tuaj ntawm Asia nyob deb thiab nthuav dav hauv Ottoman Empire.
Kev tsim ntawm Polish Hussars
Tus hussar banner yog cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Tus tauj ncov loj yog tus saib xyuas daim banner, nws tus pab yog lieutenant, hauv qab no yog tus tswv xeev, thiab lub luag haujlwm me tshaj plaws yog tus tub rog loj.
Tus Saib Xyuas Huab Cua yuav tsis muajmuaj ntau, vim nws kim heev los tuav ib tug xws li warrior (nees, armor thiab riam phom). Rau cov nyiaj no, ib tug yuav yuav ib txhiab phom thiab nqi rau lawv, los yog kaum 6-phaus phom. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv txhua pab tub rog corps tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ob tug tub rog los yog squadrons ntawm winged hussars (tsis ntau tshaj 700-800 neeg).
khoom siv Polish hussars
Cov cuab yeej paholiks tseem tuaj txog ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg, lawv tau muaj riam phom ntau yam. Equestrian formations naj npawb 50-120 cavalrymen. Thaum cov ntawv luam tau maj mam tso tseg hauv cov xeev European, cov tis hussars txuas ntxiv siv lawv. Qhov ntev ntawm hmuv yog 6-6.5 meters, thiab nws yog ib tug heev formidable riam phom.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, rab phom tseem yog qhov qub. Tom qab raug rho tawm los ntawm rab yaj phom los yog rab phom ntev los ntawm qhov deb, cov mos txwv tsis tshua raug ntaus lub hom phiaj, thiab nws siv sijhawm ntev los rov ua dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus tis hussar tswj kom kov yeej qhov kev ncua deb ntawm tus yeeb ncuab thiab nrog nws ntau-meter hmuv rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab, uas tsis muaj sij hawm los rub nws cov riam phom thiab tsis tuaj yeem tau txais saber lossis ntaj, uas tseem tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus. qhov ntev ntawm hmuv thiab lub zog ntawm cov cavalry ntaus.
Nyob hauv ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv keeb kwm, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntshav tau yeej ua tsaug rau qhov tseeb, piv txwv li, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Klushino hauv 1610 tawm tsam cov Swedes lossis kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov neeg Lavxias nyob ze Chudov xyoo 1660.
Ntxiv rau hmuv, cov hussars muaj rab ntaj ntev 1.7 meters los tho cov yeeb ncuab armor, thiab ob rab phom holstered ntawm pommel ntawm lub eeb.
Hussar lub khaub ncaws zoo nkauj heev, nwsmuaj gilded dluab ntawm nws lub hauv siab: sab laug - Leej niam ntawm Vajtswv, nyob rau sab xis - tus ntoo khaub lig Catholic. Tab sis dua li kev zoo nkauj, nws yuav tsum tiv thaiv nws tus tswv. Hussar armor tuaj yeem tiv taus kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha los ntawm musket ntawm qhov deb ntawm nees nkaum paces, thiab los ntawm sab nraub qaum lawv tsis tuaj yeem raug txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha los ntawm rab yaj phom.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm Polish hussars
Txawm li cas los xij, yam tsis muaj cov pab pawg ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua, cov tis hussar tau dhau los ua ib qho yooj yim prey rau ib tug me me tub rog horseman, uas, muaj peev xwm mus maneuver, tawm ntawm Hussar txoj kev tawm tsam thiab tuav nws los ntawm lub flank los yog rear. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas cov tub rog Polish tau swb, uas suav nrog cov hussar units ntawm General Gordon, nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm Sokolnitsky thiab Baron Odt nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze Slobodische nrog lub Zaporozhye Cossack regiments.
Tsis tas li, keeb kwm keeb kwm paub ib qho tseeb thaum Marshal Wallenstein thov Vajtswv rau King Sigismund III kom xa nws tsis yog cov lus cog tseg 10,000-12,000 tis hussars, tab sis tib tus naj npawb ntawm Cossacks.
Polish hussar raws li tus qauv ntawm Lavxias tus neeg saib xyuas nees
Polish winged cavalry los ua tus qauv thaum thawj Lavxias teb sab hussar elite cavalry tau tsim nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Ib tug Lavxias teb sab hussar detachment ntawm 735 cavalry yog tsim nyob rau hauv 1634. Nws muaj peb pawg tub rog coj los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Khovansky, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Meshcheretsky thiab Captain Rylsky. Qhov kev tshem tawm no tau ua haujlwm hauv Tula.
Muaj ib rooj plaub hauv keeb kwm thaum xyoo 1654 txog ib txhiab tis hussars raws li kev txib ntawm Kilski hla mus rau Lavxias teb sab.
18th caug xyoo Poland thiab Napoleonic tub rog
Thaum lub sijhawm 18th thiab 19th centuries, Polish units, nrog rau cov tub rog Fabkis, tau ua tub rog tawm tsam Ltalis thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Cov kev ua tub rog no tau hu ua Danube thiab Italian legions. Nws yog lawv uas tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim lub npe nrov Vistula Legion. Nyob rau hauv 1809, cov tub rog Polish ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th tau ntxiv nrog ob lub hussar regiments tsim los ntawm Marshal Poniatowski hauv Galicia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1812 Poniatowski twb txib peb hussar division. Tau kawg, cov no tsis yog cov tis hussars uas txaus ntshai nyob sab Europe medieval, tab sis lub teeb cavalry.
Polish hussars kuj tau ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog Napoleonic:
- ob lub chaw hussar hauv Brun's corps;
- ib pab tub rog ntawm hussars hauv Subervi brigade;
- xyoo 1813-1814, Polish lub teeb cavalrymen nyob rau ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Poniatowski's 8th corps thiab Kelerman's 4th corps.
Cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog Polish tau muaj nuj nqis ntawm Napoleonic marshals. Piv txwv li, lub koom haum ntawm Poniatowski, uas tau nce mus rau Qub Smolensk ib puag ncig, yuam Field Marshal Kutuzov rau lub Cuaj Hlis 5, 1812, kom thim rov qab los ntawm Shevardinsky redoubt. Qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino, uas cov Poles tau ntse coj lub zos Utitsa.
Poland thiab nws cov tub rog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th
Tom qab swb thiab rhuav tshem Napoleon xyoo 1814, Poland tau xyaum tsis tuaj ntawm daim duab qhia chaw Europe. Nws tau muab faib ua ntu ntawm Russia thiab Austria-Hungary, nrog rau lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Prussia.
Poland tau txais kev ywj pheej nkaus xwb hauv 1917, tib lub sijhawm nwsrov tsim cov hussar cavalry regiments. Txawm hais tias rov qab rau xyoo 1914, Polish hussar units tau tawm tsam rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau sab ntawm Austria. Tom qab ntawd lub Polish Legion raug txib los ntawm Pilsudski. Tib cov hussars tau koom nrog kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws Russia hauv Siberia hauv qab Kolchak cov tub rog. Hussar units tau pom tawm tsam Tukhachevsky cov tub rog hauv xyoo 1920.
Keeb kwm ntawm Polish tis hussars xaus rau xyoo 1939, tom qab ib hlis ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntshav thiab cov tub rog tawm tsam nrog sabers tawm tsam cov tso tsheb hlau luam, lub peev ntawm Poland, Warsaw, tau tso tseg.
Npauj npaim cov lus tseeb txog lub tis hussars
Polish hussar cavalry nyob rau hauv lub 16th-19th centuries muaj ob lub npe nthuav: nyob rau hauv lub Commonwe alth lawv hu ua elears, thiab cov yeeb ncuab hus tias ya hussars, uas, vim hais tias ntawm cov tis tom qab lawv nraub qaum, zoo li tiag tiag. ya hla lub tshav rog.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ya hussars xav tsis thoob nrog lawv cov tsos. Nws tuaj rau funny curiosities. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog ntawm Tsar Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, uas sawv ze ntawm Kazan, tuaj rau hauv kev tsis meej pem thaum lawv pom txawv teb chaws Cossacks - hussars, dai nrog plaub thiab tawv nqaij ntawm ntau yam tsiaj, los ntawm tsov txaij mus rau dais. Feem coob ntawm cov tub rog xav tias lawv pom cov neeg Khab thiab tsis yog cov tub rog niaj hnub no.
Ib yam li niaj hnub no yuav luag txhua tus menyuam yaus xav ua tub rog lossis cov neeg caij nkoj, yog li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, yuav luag txhua tus tub ntxhais hluas Polish xav ua hussars. Tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb, qhov zoo tshaj plaws tau coj mus rau ntawd. Lawv yuav tsum tau siab thiab kis las, zoo cavalry thiab kev cob qhia tub rog,nrog rau cov peev txheej nyiaj txiag tsim nyog, txij li cov hussar yuav tsum hnav khaub ncaws zoo nkauj thiab kim heev (tom qab tag nrho, cov neeg tseem ceeb!), khaws ib tug nees, thiab qee zaum ob peb tus nees, muaj tag nrho cov khoom tsim nyog thiab riam phom, thiab qhov kawg tab sis tsis tsawg tshaj plaws - kev ntshai. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis yog rau ib yam dab tsi uas Lannes, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Napoleonic, ib zaug hais tias tus hussar uas muaj peb caug xyoo thiab tseem tsis tau raug tua yog pov tseg, tsis hussars.
Nco ntsoov ntawm Wing Cavalry
Tab sis cov tis hussars tsis yog ib yam ntawm yav dhau los. Rau cov neeg Polish, cov tub rog no ua siab loj, ua siab loj thiab siab tawv tiv thaiv lawv lub tebchaws thiab lawv thaj av. Rau lawv lub sijhawm, cov tub rog tub rog no yeej yog " riam phom tiag tiag" hauv kev daws teeb meem ntau yam tub rog.
Cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas tis tau nco txog tsis yog los ntawm Cov Nceeg Vaj nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm txhua tus neeg nyob hauv xeev nyob sib ze. Lawv yog thiab tseem yog lub teb chaws tus phab ej ntawm txhua tiam neeg ntawm Polish cov hluas.
Txawm tias tam sim no, nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, hauv cov tub rog Polish muaj chav sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qhov siab hu ua "Winged Hussar". Tsis ntev los no, cov nyoob hoom qav taub no tau dhau los ua kom muaj kev sib sib zog nqus thiab rov ua dua tshiab nrog cov cuaj luaj los tiv thaiv lub tank thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob tshiab. Qhov no Polish nyoob hoom qav taub yog suav tias yog ib lub dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
