Tus qauv grammatical ntawm kev hais lus yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov lus nrog ib leeg hauv kab lus thiab kab lus. Nws combines morphemic, syntax thiab lo lus tsim. Nws tsim nyob rau hauv cov menyuam yaus tshwm sim vim yog imitation ntawm cov neeg laus hais lus. Feem ntau, tus qauv grammatical ntawm tus me nyuam loj hlob yam tsis muaj leej twg pab. Feem ntau muaj kev ua txhaum ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Peb tsab xov xwm muab cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tso cai rau koj kom paub seb yuav ua li cas tsim cov qauv grammatical ntawm kev hais lus hauv cov menyuam yaus tshwm sim.
Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav txog kab lus qauv
Cov qauv sau ntawv yog kev qhuab qhia uas kawm txog cov qauv ntawm hom lus thiab nws txoj cai. Ua tsaug rau nws, kev hais lus tau tsim thiab nkag siab rau txhua tus neeg nyob ib puag ncig. K. D. Ushinsky ntseeg hais tias cov qauv sau ntawv yog lub logic ntawm cov lus. Kev txawj ntse kuj tsim nyob rau hauv preschoolers uas txawj nws.
Cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm kev hais lus yog ib yam khoom uas tau tsim ntau xyoo. Lub hauv paus rau nws txoj kev kawm yog kev paub txog kev sib raug zoo thiab cov kev muaj tiag nyob ib puag ncig. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum xub thawj, tus me nyuam hais lus tsis muaj npe nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm syntax.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov niam txiv los txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm grammatical (syntactic) qauv ntawm cov me nyuam hais lus. Txwv tsis pub, tus me nyuam yuav muaj dysgraphia (ua txhaum ntawm cov lus sau). Txhawm rau tiv thaiv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv ntau txoj hauv kev thiab xyuas kom cov menyuam loj hlob zoo.
In the assimilation of the grammatical means of the language, theem tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tau hnov;
- khaw lo lus los ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov neeg laus thiab cov phooj ywg;
- tsim ntawm lwm lo lus los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov uas twb paub lawm;
- ntsuas qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev hais lus.
Qhov sib lawv liag ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv kev hais lus
Cov me nyuam kawm sau ntawv maj mam. Qhov no yog vim lub hnub nyoog yam ntxwv thiab complexities ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus system. Tus qauv grammatical yog tsim los ntawm tus menyuam thaum muaj hnub nyoog 8 xyoo.
Nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov kab lus grammatical, cov theem hauv qab no yog tam sim no:
- kho qhov yuam kev;
- zoo meej ntawm kev hais lus zoo;
- kev vam meej txaus siab rau hom lus;
- tswj hwm tus neeg hais lus kom raug.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam hais lus
Cov niam txiv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsumtxhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm morphological system ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tus me nyuam to taub yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob raug. Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog los pab tswv yim cov yam ntxwv.
Hauv cov hnub nyoog yau thiab nruab nrab, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau cov yam ntxwv morphological. Cov qauv grammatical ntawm kev hais lus hauv cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool nyob rau theem no tsuas yog pib ua kom zoo. Lub sijhawm no, koj yuav tsum tau pab tus menyuam kom nkag siab tias lo lus tsim tshwm sim li cas nrog kev pab ntawm cov lus tom qab, ua ntej thiab xaus.
Nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem pib, syntax tau txhim kho thiab nyuaj. Nyob rau theem no, tus menyuam yuav tsum nrhiav thiab kho qhov yuam kev hauv nws cov lus.
Teeb meem hauv kev tsim cov kab lus sau ntawv hauv cov menyuam yaus preschool nrog OHP
Nws tsis yog qhov zais cia tias qhov tseeb ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm txhua tus neeg. Ua tsaug rau tus qauv grammatical, peb txhua tus tuaj yeem nkag siab tias lwm tus hais li cas.
Kev hais lus ntawm tus menyuam muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog nws txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub cev. Yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau qhov muaj ntau yam kev ua txhaum cai raws sij hawm thiab tshem tawm ntawm lawv. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov qauv grammatical ntawm kev hais lus hauv cov menyuam yaus ua pov thawj tias nws tsim tau tshwm sim hauv ib ntus nruj.
Kev hais lus tsis zoo yog ib qho teeb meem uas tus menyuam muaj ntau yam kev hais lus nyuaj. Muaj peb hom kev sib txawv no:
- 1st theem. Tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev hais lus tsis meej.
- 2nd stage. Hauv qhov no, muaj lus hais. Tsis muaj gestures thiab babbling lus. Muaj distortions nyob rau hauv lub suab thiab syllabic qauv.
- 3rd theem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, phonetic-phonemic thiab lexical-syntactic underdevelopment yog pom.
Cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool nrog OHP yog tsim maj mam. Lawv muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov lus hais, nrog rau cov tshuab morphological thiab syntactic. Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias cov menyuam no muaj kev tsis ruaj khov thiab poob siab sai. Lawv, tsis zoo li lawv cov phooj ywg, tau txo cov kev hnov mob thiab kev nco tau zoo.
Kev kho cov menyuam yaus nrog ONR yog los tsim cov qauv sib xyaw. Nws ua rau muaj teeb meem feem ntau hauv cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool. Txhawm rau kho kom zoo, tus menyuam yuav tsum nkag siab lub luag haujlwm ntawm morpheme.
Cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev hais lus tsis zoo muaj teeb meem hauv kev xaiv thiab sib txuas lus txhais lus. Nws tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm qee cov lus ua haujlwm.
Dysgraphia nrog cov lus hais tsis raug cai
Tus qauv grammatical ntawm kev hais lus yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov lus hauv ib leeg. Cov niam txiv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas nws txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Thaum muaj kev ua txhaum cai, nws yuav tsum tau hu rau tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tshwm sim hnyav dua.
Dysgraphia yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev loj hlob qeeb ntawm cov qauv syntactic. Tus kab mob no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo ntawm tsab ntawv nrogmuaj kev txawj ntse txaus. Kev ua txhaum ntawm kev cog lus grammatical yog ib qho ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm kev sib txawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov niam txiv tsis txhob cem tus me nyuam rau qhov ua yuam kev, tab sis ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, sim xyuas seb dab tsi ua rau lawv. Tej zaum tus menyuam muaj kev ua txhaum cai, kev kho uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij.
Agrammatic dysgraphia yog vim qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm cov qauv lexical-syntactic ntawm kev hais lus. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tus me nyuam los tsim kom tau ib theem ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv ib kab lus. Feem ntau muaj syntactic ua txhaum cai uas cov me nyuam tsis nco cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov tsos mob no, txhua tus kws tshaj lij tshwj xeeb kuaj pom tias kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv kev hais lus qeeb. Qhov no ua tau yog tias koj tsis xav kawm lossis yog tias muaj kev ua txhaum cai.
Kev txhim kho cov lus thiab cov qauv kev sib txuas lus
Cov kws tshaj lij txheeb xyuas ob hom lus tau txais - zoo thiab ntau. Lawv muaj kev sib raug zoo. Qhov ntau ntxiv ntawm cov lus yog vim lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm tus menyuam. Nws qhov kev ua tiav yog txuas nrog kev hais lus ntawm cov neeg laus thiab cov phooj ywg. Paub tias niaj hnub no tus me nyuam muaj peb xyoos muaj txog 3 txhiab lo lus hauv nws cov lus.
Cov lus sau tsis tuaj yeem los ntawm lawv tus kheej ua qhov kev paub thiab kev sib txuas lus. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm kev tsim cov qauv grammatical ntawm kev hais lus. Rau kev sib txuas lus thiab kev paub, tus menyuam yuav tsum tsim cov kab lus kom raug thiabkab lus siv cov qauv sau ntawv yooj yim.
Nrog hnub nyoog, tus menyuam maj mam pib tau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus uas muaj nyob hauv nws cov khoom. Thaum xub thawj, tej zaum yuav muaj qhov yuam kev hauv kev siv cov hauv paus hniav, ua ntej thiab cov lus xaus.
Thaum txog peb xyoos, qhov tsim ntawm cov qauv grammatical ntawm cov menyuam hais lus yuav tshwm sim. Lawv pib nkag siab txog cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov kab lus thiab kab lus. Thaum lub hnub nyoog no, tus menyuam tsis kam lees cov lus raws li cov xwm txheej thiab cov lej. Nws tuaj yeem tsim cov kab lus yooj yim thiab nyuaj. Cov lus yog maj mam nce. Nyob rau theem no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tus me nyuam txaus siab thiab siv kev kawm ua si.
Cov qauv grammatical ntawm kev hais lus ntawm pab pawg preschool tau maj mam txhim kho. Cov me nyuam kawm hom declensions thiab conjugations, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm alternating suab thiab txoj kev ntawm lo lus tsim. Nyob rau theem no, qhov ntim ntawm tus menyuam cov lus ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 4-5 xyoos, cov menyuam yaus tuaj yeem txhob txwm siv lawv, thiab ua tsaug rau cov qauv sau ntawv, hloov kho.
Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm kev tsim qauv syntactic
Kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv yog ib theem tseem ceeb hauv kev hais lus puv ntoob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb. Cov tsev kawm ntawv niaj hnub no muaj kev xav tau siab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm yav tom ntej. Qhov no yog vim qhov tsis ntev los no tau muaj teeb meem loj ntawm tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm.
Kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub ntawm kev tsim cov qauv sau ntawv yooj yim muaj cov hauv qab no:
- inflation;
- derivation;
- kev sib koom;
- formationkab lus thiab kab lus.
Nrog rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus teev tseg, tus menyuam yuav tsum paub txog thaum muaj hnub nyoog preschool. Tsim kev ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau ua raws li systematically. Cov niam txiv ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv cov txheej txheem no.
Txoj kev tsim cov kab lus hais lus
Cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev hais lus grammatical yog tsim muaj xws li kev ua si ua si, ua yeeb yam ua si, ua cov lus tsim tawm thiab lawv cov kev hloov kho, nrog rau rov hais cov dab neeg luv luv.
Thawj ob txoj kev xaiv yog siv thaum qhia cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib thiab theem nrab preschool. Cov lus qhia ua tau zoo hauv kev tsim cov lus hais lus hauv cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 4-6 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov phau ntawv niaj hnub no muaj cov haujlwm rau txhua pab pawg hnub nyoog.
Techniques used to form grammatical speech
Cov txheej txheem kev qhuab qhia uas siv los ua cov lus hais lus muaj ntau yam. Lawv raug txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, theem ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov khoom siv, kev hais lus ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab lawv lub hnub nyoog. Cov tswv yim tseem ceeb rau kev qhia cov qauv sau ntawv tuaj yeem hu ua:
- example;
- pib;
- match;
- rov pib dua.
Ua tsaug rau lawv, koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov yuam kev hauv kev tsim cov kab lus thiab ua qauv qhia qhov tseeb rau tus menyuam.
Didactic games
Tsis ntev los no, kev ua si didactic tau nrov tshwj xeebgrammatical qauv ntawm kev hais lus. Qhov no yog ib qho cuab yeej siv tau los txhawb kev txawj ntse uas twb muaj lawm. Feem ntau, lub pob yog siv hauv kev ua si didactic. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus neeg laus yuav tsum tau muab nws mus rau tus me nyuam thiab npe ib co khoom, piv txwv li, "lub rooj". Tus menyuam kawm ntawv preschool xav tau lub npe tib yam khoom, tab sis hauv daim ntawv me me - "table", thiab lwm yam.
Ib qho kev ua si zoo kuj yog qhov uas tus menyuam yuav tsum kos ib qho khoom ntawm ib daim ntawv, thiab piav qhia qhov nws kos (khoom, qhov ntau, qhov loj, xim).
Cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm kev hais lus yog kev sib txuas uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov kab lus thiab kab lus. Nws yog ua tsaug rau nws uas ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm sib txuas lus nrog lwm tus neeg. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los saib xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv grammatical txij thaum ntxov. Tej kev ua txhaum cai yuav qhia tau tias muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam.
Yog tias muaj qhov yuam kev uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsis lees paub cov cai, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau hu rau tus kws kho mob hais lus kom raws sijhawm. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool feem ntau siv cov kev ua si didactic los tsim cov qauv grammatical. Txoj kev no yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws.
