Lo lus "phenotype" yog los ntawm Greek keeb kwm thiab muab txhais (lus) "discover", "reveal". Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim no yog dab tsi?
Dab tsi yog phenotype? Txhais
Ib phenotype yuav tsum to taub raws li ib txheej ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg ntawm ib tug tej theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Cov txheej no yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm genotype. Rau cov kab mob diploid, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov noob tseem ceeb yog cov yam ntxwv. Txhais kom meej dua qhov phenotype yog dab tsi, ib tus yuav tsum tham txog tag nrho ntawm cov cim sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm cov kab mob uas tau txais los ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm tus kheej txoj kev loj hlob (ontogenesis).
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Txawm hais tias lub ntsiab lus meej meej ntawm qhov phenotype yog dab tsi, nws lub tswv yim muaj ntau qhov tsis paub tseeb. Feem ntau ntawm cov qauv thiab cov molecules uas yog encoded los ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov tsos ntawm lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv yog ib feem ntawm phenotype. Ib qho piv txwv yuav yog cov ntshav phenotype ntawm tib neeg. Hauv qhov no, raws li ntau tus kws sau ntawv, cov lus txhais yuav tsum suav nrog cov yam ntxwv uas tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev kuaj mob, kev kho mob lossis cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis. Ntauib qho radical txuas ntxiv tuaj yeem muaj tus cwj pwm tau txais, thiab yog tias tsim nyog, kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev ntawm ib puag ncig thiab lwm yam kab mob. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov incisors thiab dam ntawm beavers tuaj yeem yuam kev rau lawv cov phenotype.
Key Features
Kev txiav txim siab seb tus phenotype yog dab tsi, peb tuaj yeem tham txog qee qhov "tshem tawm" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv caj ces ntawm ib puag ncig. Raws li kev kwv yees thawj zaug, ob tus yam ntxwv yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab:
- Dimension of the phenotype. Qhov no feature qhia tus naj npawb ntawm "sab nraum" cov lus qhia, uas characterizes tus naj npawb ntawm ib puag ncig yam.
- Lub cim thib ob qhia txog qib ntawm rhiab heev ntawm phenotype rau ib puag ncig. Qhov degree no hu ua ntau yam.
Ua ke, cov yam ntxwv no qhia txog kev nplua nuj thiab ntau yam ntawm phenotype. Qhov ntau multidimensional txheej txheej ntawm tus kheej cov yam ntxwv, ntau rhiab rau cov paib thiab qhov deb ntawm lawv yog los ntawm genotype, qhov richer nws yog. Yog li, piv txwv li, yog tias peb sib piv cov phenotype ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob sib kis, Qav, tib neeg, ces "kev nplua nuj" hauv cov saw no nce. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tib neeg phenotype yog richer.
keeb kwm keeb kwm
Nyob rau xyoo 1909, Wilhelm Johansen (tus kws tshawb fawb Danish) thawj zaug - ua ke nrog lub tswv yim ntawm genotype - tau npaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm phenotype. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov kev siv. Lub tswv yim ntawm qhov sib txawv kuj tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Mendel thiab Weismann. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, qhov kawg distinguished somatic thiabKev tsim cov qe ntshav hauv cov kab mob multicellular. Cov chromosome tau txais los ntawm cov niam txiv yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell nuclei. Chromosomes nqa ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm cov noob caj ces ntawm ib hom tsiaj nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab ib qho kab mob tshwj xeeb. Cov noob muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov proteins uas tuaj yeem ua ke, nrog rau cov txheej txheem uas, qhov tseeb, txiav txim siab thiab tswj cov synthesis. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim? Thaum lub sij hawm ontogenesis, cov noob tau hloov mus ua ntu zus thiab cov proteins uas lawv encode yog synthesized. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob uas ua rau nws phenotype tshwm sim. Hauv lwm lo lus, ib qho "khoom" yog tau los ntawm kev siv cov kev pab cuam caj ces muaj nyob rau hauv genotype.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej sab nraud ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm tus kheej tus yam ntxwv
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias genotype tsis yog ib qho tsis meej pem uas txiav txim siab qhov phenotype. Rau ib qho degree lossis lwm qhov, kev tsim ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm tus kheej kuj tseem nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob, uas yog, ntawm lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv, phenotypes muaj qhov txawv txav. Yog li, piv txwv li, hom butterflies "arashnia" muab ob tug xeeb ntxwv ib xyoos twg. Cov neeg uas tshwm sim los ntawm overwintered pupae (caij nplooj ntoos hlav) txawv sharply ntawm cov uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov. Lub phenotype ntawm cov nroj tsuag kuj yuav txawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qhib lub pines yog kis, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov lawv slender thiab siab. Nyob rau hauv cov dej buttercup, cov duab ntawm nplooj nyob ntawm seb nws nyob qhov twg - nyob rau hauv cov huab cua los yog nyob rau hauv dej.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm phenotypes thiab genotypes
Lub peev xwm hloov pauv, uas yog muab los ntawm cov txheej txheem caj ces, hu ua tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv. Raws li txoj cai, ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, qhov dav dua qhov qauv no. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias ib puag ncig txawv sharply ntawm qhov uas cov hom yog yoog, ib tug ua txhaum cai nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob, thiab lawv tuag. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm phenotype tsis yog ib txwm muaj kev cuam tshuam cov alleles. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm lawv tau khaws cia thiab tuaj yeem dhau mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Cov ntaub ntawv no tso cai rau peb kom nkag siab zoo txog cov txheej txheem evolutionary. Tsuas yog phenotypes koom nrog hauv kev xaiv ntuj, thaum genotypes raug xa mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv thiab tseem nyob ntxiv hauv cov pej xeem. Kev sib cuam tshuam tsis txwv rau qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab cov tseem ceeb alleles - ntau cov noob sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg.
