Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom siv. Plotting nrog Derivatives

Cov txheej txheem:

Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom siv. Plotting nrog Derivatives
Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom siv. Plotting nrog Derivatives
Anonim

lej pib los ntawm Antiquity. Ua tsaug rau nws, architecture, kev tsim kho thiab kev ua tub rog kev tshawb fawb tau muab ib puag ncig tshiab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, kev ua tiav uas tau txais nrog kev pab ntawm kev ua lej coj mus rau kev nce qib. Txog niaj hnub no, lej tseem yog txoj kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb uas muaj nyob hauv txhua ceg.

Yuav kom kawm tau ntawv, cov menyuam kawm qib thawj pib maj mam sib koom ua ke hauv ib puag ncig no. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom nkag siab txog lej, raws li nws, rau ib qib lossis lwm qhov, tshwm sim rau txhua tus neeg hauv nws lub neej. Kab lus no yuav txheeb xyuas ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb - nrhiav thiab siv cov derivatives. Tsis yog txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem xav txog qhov kev siv lub tswv yim no dav npaum li cas. Xav txog ntau dua 10 daim ntawv thov ntawm cov txiaj ntsig hauv qee thaj chaw lossis kev tshawb fawb.

Cov qauv ntawm iav
Cov qauv ntawm iav

Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev kawm txog kev ua haujlwm

Qhov derivative yog li txwvqhov ratio ntawm qhov increment ntawm ib tug muaj nuj nqi rau qhov increment ntawm nws cov lus sib cav thaum tus exponent ntawm qhov kev sib cav nyhav mus rau xoom. Lub derivative yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm txog kev ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab qhov nce thiab txo qis tom kawg, extrema, convexity thiab concavity. Cov lej sib txawv yog suav nrog hauv cov ntawv qhia ua ntu zus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo 1 thiab 2nd ntawm lej ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab.

kev siv lub derivative
kev siv lub derivative

Scope thiab ua haujlwm zeros

Thawj theem ntawm kev kawm ntawm daim duab pib nrog kev tshawb pom lub ntsiab lus txhais, hauv qhov tsawg dua - tus nqi. Lub ntsiab lus txhais tau teeb tsa raws li abscissa axis, hauv lwm lo lus, cov no yog cov lej ntawm OX axis. Feem ntau cov peev txheej twb tau teeb tsa lawm, tab sis yog tias tsis yog, ces tus nqi ntawm x sib cav yuav tsum raug ntsuas. Piv txwv li, yog tias rau qee qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sib cav qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis ua rau kev txiav txim siab, ces qhov kev sib cav no raug cais tawm ntawm qhov scope.

Zeros ntawm txoj haujlwm tau pom nyob rau hauv txoj hauv kev yooj yim: qhov ua haujlwm f(x) yuav tsum sib npaug rau xoom thiab qhov sib npaug tshwm sim yuav tsum tau daws nrog rau qhov sib txawv x. Cov hauv paus hniav tau txais ntawm qhov sib npaug yog xoom ntawm txoj haujlwm, uas yog, hauv cov x cov haujlwm no yog 0.

Kev siv cov derivative los kawm kev ua haujlwm rau monotonicity tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm ob txoj haujlwm. Ib qho kev ua haujlwm monotonic yog ib pawg uas tsuas muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv, lossis tsuas yog qhov tsis zoo. Hauv cov lus yooj yim, txoj haujlwm tsuas yog nce lossis tsuas yog txo qis rau tag nrho lub sijhawm raws li kev kawm:

  1. Nruam parameter. Muaj nuj nqif(x) yuav nce yog tias tus derivative ntawm f`(x) ntau dua xoom.
  2. Tus nqi qis dua. Kev ua haujlwm f(x) yuav txo qis yog tias qhov sib piv ntawm f`(x) tsawg dua xoom.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev kawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm kuj tau txiav txim siab los ntawm tangent (txoj kab ncaj nraim ntawm lub kaum sab xis) mus rau daim duab ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov muab. Tangent ntawm ib tug taw tes (x0) - ib kab uas hla dhau ib qho taw tes thiab belongs rau lub luag haujlwm uas nws lub koom haum yog (x0, f(x 0 )) thiab muaj nqes f`(x0).

txoj kab nqes
txoj kab nqes

y=f(x0) + f`(x0)(x - x0) - qhov sib npaug ntawm tangent mus rau qhov taw tes ntawm daim duab ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Geometric lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov derivative: qhov derivative ntawm txoj haujlwm f(x) yog sib npaug rau txoj kab nqes ntawm qhov tsim tangent rau daim duab ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov muab x. Lub angular coefficient, nyob rau hauv lem, yog sib npaug rau lub tangent ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination ntawm lub tangent rau lub OX axis (abscissa) nyob rau hauv lub zoo kev taw qhia. Qhov kev sib koom ua ke no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev siv cov derivative rau daim duab ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

tangent rau exponent
tangent rau exponent

Cov ntsiab lus siab heev

Siv ib qho derivative rau ib txoj kev kawm yuav nrhiav tau cov ntsiab lus siab thiab qis.

txhawm rau nrhiav thiab txiav txim siab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thiab siab tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum:

  • Nrhiav qhov derivative ntawm lub luag haujlwm f(x).
  • Set the resulting equation to zero.
  • Nrhiav cov hauv paus hniav ntawm kab zauv.
  • Nrhiav cov ntsiab lus siab thiab qis.

Nyob rau qhov kawgnta:

  • Nrhiav qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thiab siab tshaj cov ntsiab lus siv txoj hauv kev saum toj no.
  • Hloov cov ntsiab lus no rau hauv qhov sib npaug qub thiab suav ymax thiab ymin
heev point
heev point

Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog tus nqi loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm f(x) ntawm lub sijhawm, hauv lwm lo lus xmax.

Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm qhov ua haujlwm f(x) ntawm lub sijhawm, hauv lwm lo lus xname

Cov ntsiab lus siab heev yog tib yam li qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, thiab qhov kawg ntawm txoj haujlwm (y max. and y yam tsawg) - muaj nuj nqi ua haujlwm uas sib haum rau cov ntsiab lus siab heev.

Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov convexity thiab concavity los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv rau kev npaj:

  • A muaj nuj nqi f(x) tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub sijhawm (a, b) yog concave yog tias lub luag haujlwm nyob hauv qab tag nrho nws cov tangents hauv lub sijhawm no.
  • Qhov kev ua haujlwm f(x) kawm ntawm lub sijhawm (a, b) yog convex yog tias txoj haujlwm nyob saum toj ntawm tag nrho nws cov tangents hauv lub sijhawm no.

Lub ntsiab lus uas cais convexity thiab concavity yog hu ua inflection point of function.

txhawm rau nrhiav cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam:

  • Nrhiav cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm hom thib ob (qhov thib ob).
  • Cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas cais ob qho piv txwv.
  • Xaiv muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov ntsiab lus ua haujlwm.

Partial derivatives

Daim ntawv thovmuaj cov derivatives ntawm hom no nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem uas siv ntau tshaj ib tug paub tsis meej variable. Feem ntau, cov derivatives no tau ntsib thaum plotting ib tug muaj nuj nqi graph, kom meej meej, nto nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, qhov twg es tsis txhob ntawm ob axes muaj peb, yog li ntawd, peb qhov ntau (ob qhov sib txawv thiab ib qho tas mus li).

ib nrab derivatives
ib nrab derivatives

Txoj cai yooj yim thaum xam ib feem derivatives yog xaiv ib qho kev sib txawv thiab kho cov seem li qhov qub. Yog li ntawd, thaum xam cov derivative ib nrab, qhov tas li yuav zoo li tus lej muaj nuj nqis (hauv ntau lub rooj ntawm derivatives, lawv tau denoted li C=const). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm xws li ib tug derivative yog tus nqi ntawm kev hloov ntawm lub functionality z=f (x, y) raws lub OX thiab OY axes, uas yog, nws characterizes lub steepness ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab bulges ntawm lub tsev nto.

Derivative hauv physics

Kev siv cov txiaj ntsig hauv physics yog dav thiab tseem ceeb. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev: lub derivative ntawm txoj kev nrog rau lub sij hawm yog ceev, thiab acceleration yog derivative ntawm qhov ceev nrog rau lub sij hawm. Los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev, ntau ceg tuaj yeem rub mus rau ntau ceg ntawm physics, thaum khaws tag nrho lub ntsiab lus ntawm derivative.

Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig, cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no pom:

  • Speed hauv kinematics, qhov twg cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev ncua deb tau suav. Yog hais tias qhov thib ob derivative ntawm txoj kev los yog thawj derivative ntawm qhov ceev tau pom, ces qhov acceleration ntawm lub cev yog pom. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem pom qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm cov khoom siv taw tes, tab sis rau qhov no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub qhov increment ∆t thiab ∆r.
  • Hauv electrodynamics:Kev suav ntawm lub zog tam sim no ntawm kev hloov tam sim no, nrog rau EMF ntawm electromagnetic induction. Los ntawm kev suav cov derivative, koj tuaj yeem pom lub zog siab tshaj plaws. Lub derivative ntawm tus nqi hluav taws xob yog lub zog tam sim no hauv tus neeg xyuas pib.
variable nyob rau hauv physics
variable nyob rau hauv physics

Derivative hauv chemistry thiab biology

Chemistry: Cov derivative yog siv los txiav txim tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj. Lub ntsiab lus tshuaj ntawm cov derivative: kev ua haujlwm p=p (t), qhov no p yog tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj uas nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv lub sijhawm t. ∆t - lub sij hawm nce, ∆p - cov khoom kom muaj nuj nqis ntxiv. Qhov txwv ntawm qhov piv ntawm ∆p rau ∆t, uas ∆t nyhav rau xoom, yog hu ua tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov nruab nrab tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov piv ∆p/∆t. Thaum txiav txim siab qhov ceev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub meej tag nrho cov yam ntxwv tsim nyog, cov xwm txheej, kom paub qhov sib sau ntawm cov khoom thiab qhov nruab nrab ntws. Qhov no yog ib qho loj heev hauv chemistry, uas yog siv dav hauv ntau yam kev lag luam thiab tib neeg kev ua ub no.

Biology: lub tswv yim ntawm ib qho derivative yog siv los xam qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev tsim tawm. Lub ntsiab lus lom neeg: peb muaj kev ua haujlwm y=x(t). ∆t - lub sijhawm nce ntxiv. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev pab los ntawm qee qhov kev hloov pauv, peb tau txais kev ua haujlwm y`=P (t)=x` (t) - qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm lub sijhawm t (nruab nrab kev tsim tawm tus nqi). Qhov kev siv cov derivative no tso cai rau koj khaws cov txheeb cais, taug qab tus nqi ntawm kev tsim tawm, thiab lwm yam.

Laboratory chemistry ua haujlwm
Laboratory chemistry ua haujlwm

Derivative in geography and economics

Qhov derivative tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los txiav txim siabCov dej num xws li nrhiav cov pej xeem, xam qhov tseem ceeb hauv seismography, xam cov xov tooj cua ntawm cov ntsuas geophysical nuclear, xam interpolation.

Nyob hauv kev lag luam, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev suav thiab kev suav ntawm cov txiaj ntsig. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no tso cai rau peb los txiav txim siab qhov kev txwv ntawm qhov tsim nyog kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws thiab qis tshaj plaws, cov nqi, cov txiaj ntsig. Yeej, cov nuj nqis no yog xam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm graphs, qhov twg lawv pom extrema, txiav txim siab lub monotonicity ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam xav tau.

Zoo kawg

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov kev suav sib txawv no tau koom nrog, raws li tau sau tseg hauv tsab xov xwm, hauv ntau cov qauv kev tshawb fawb. Kev siv cov khoom siv derivative yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom. Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas peb tau qhia hauv tsev kawm theem siab thiab tsev kawm qib siab los tsim cov duab nyuaj, tshawb nrhiav thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, yam tsis muaj qhov sib txawv thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, nws yuav tsis yooj yim sua kom suav cov ntsuas tseem ceeb thiab qhov ntau. Tib neeg tau kawm los ua qauv ntau yam txheej txheem thiab tshawb nrhiav lawv, los daws cov teeb meem kev ua lej nyuaj. Tseeb tiag, lej yog poj huab tais ntawm txhua yam kev tshawb fawb, vim hais tias qhov kev tshawb fawb no underlies tag nrho lwm yam natural thiab technical disciplines.

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