Tus ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov pa no paub rau txhua tus - koj tuaj yeem hnov nws tam sim ntawd yog tias koj qhib lub hub ntawm ammonia. Peb tau qhia qee yam txog nws cov khoom hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nws kuj tseem paub tias nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj: nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj los tig nitrogen rau hauv nws, uas tsis nyiam nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj lom neeg. Ammonia yog thawj lub ntsiab lus los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv nitrogen ntau pib: ntau yam nitrites thiab nitrates, tawg thiab aniline dyes, tshuaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv polymeric…
Quick reference
Lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj no los ntawm Greek "hals ammoniakos", uas txhais tau tias ammonia. Lub ammonia molecule yog ib hom pyramid, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm uas muaj nitrogen atom, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus muaj peb hydrogen atoms. Cov mis ntawm cov tshuaj no yog NH3. Nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob, ammonia yog cov roj tsis muaj xim nrog rau qhov ua tsis taus pa, pungent tsw. Nws qhov ceev ntawm -33.35 ° C (qhov kub kub) yog 0.681g/cm3. Thiab cov khoom no melts ntawm -77.7 ° C. Cov molar loj ntawm ammonia yog 17 grams ib mole. Lub siab ntawm 0.9 MPa ua rau ammonia ntsws ntawm chav tsev kub. Nws tau txais nyob rau hauv kev lag luam nyob rau hauv siab siv catalytic synthesis los ntawm hydrogen thiab oxygen. Cov kua ammonia yog cov tshuaj muaj kuab heev, cov tub yees. Yuav tsum ceev faj nrog cov tshuaj no vim nws muaj tshuaj lom thiab tawg.
Nco qhov tseeb
Kua ammonia muaj cov khoom txawv txawv. Outwardly, nws zoo li cov dej dawb. Zoo li H2O, nws zoo kawg nkaus dissolves ntau cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntsev nyob rau hauv nws dissociate rau ions thaum yaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsis zoo li dej, tshwm sim hauv nws txoj kev sib txawv kiag li.
| ZnCl2 | BaCl2 | KCl | NaCl | KI | Ba(NO3)2 | AgI | ||
| Solubility ntawm 20˚C raws li 100 g ntawm hnyav | ammonia | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 3 | 182 | 97 | 207 |
| dej | 367 | 36 | 34 | 36 | 144 | 9 | 0 | |
Data in thisLub rooj ua rau lub tswv yim tias cov kua ammonia yog qhov nruab nrab tshwj xeeb rau kev ua qee qhov kev sib pauv hloov pauv uas ua tau tsis yooj yim hauv cov tshuaj aqueous.
Piv txwv:
2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2=2AgNO3 + BaCl 2.
Vim NH3 yog ib qho muaj zog proton txais, acetic acid, txawm tias raug suav tias tsis muaj zog, yuav cuam tshuam tag nrho, ib yam li cov kua qaub muaj zog ua. Qhov kev txaus siab tshaj plaws yog kev daws teeb meem hauv ammonia ntawm alkali hlau. Rov qab rau xyoo 1864, cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas pom tias yog tias koj muab sijhawm rau lawv, ammonia yuav evaporate, thiab nag lossis daus yuav yog hlau ntshiab. Yuav luag tib yam tshwm sim nrog aqueous daws ntawm ntsev. Qhov txawv yog cov hlau alkali, txawm tias me me, tseem ua rau ammonia, ua rau muaj cov ntsev zoo li amides:
2Na+ 2NH3=2NaNH2 + H2.
Cov tom kawg yog cov tshuaj ruaj khov, tab sis thaum sib cuag nrog dej lawv tam sim ntawd tawg:
NaNH2 + H2O=NH3 + NaOH.
Thaum kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov kua ammonia, chemists pom tias thaum cov hlau yaj hauv nws, qhov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj yuav loj dua. Ntxiv mus, nws qhov ntom ntom txo. Qhov no yog lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug thiab cov dej zoo tib yam. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ntseeg, tab sis ib tug concentrated thiab dilute tov ntawm tej alkali hlau nyob rau hauvkua ammonia tsis sib tov nrog ib leeg, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias cov hlau hauv ob leeg yog tib yam! Los ntawm kev sim, qhov tseeb tshiab tshiab tau tshawb pom tas li. Yog li, nws tau pom tias cov tshuaj sodium uas khov rau hauv cov kua ammonia muaj qhov ua haujlwm tsawg heev, uas txhais tau hais tias NH 3 tuaj yeem siv tau kom tau txais cov txheej txheem superconducting. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov roj no thiab cov kev daws teeb meem tseem muaj kev txaus siab rau lub siab ntawm ob tus kws kho mob thiab kws tshuaj.
