Lub Horsehead Nebula (nws lub npe hu ua Barnard 33) yog ib qho khoom nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau saum ntuj. Nyob rau hauv cov duab coj txawm tias siv cov amateur telescopes, nws zoo li impressive heev. Cov khoom no yog dab tsi thiab nws puas zoo li nyob rau hauv cov duab ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kho qhov muag?
Qhov nees nyob qhov twg
Lub Horsehead Nebula nyob rau hauv lub hnub qub Orion - thaj av ntawm lub ntuj uas nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom nthuav - hauv qab lub hnub qub ci Alnitak (lub hnub qub sab laug ntawm Orion's Belt). Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm nws yog kwv yees li 1600 lub teeb xyoo (txog 490 parsecs). Nws tsis deb dhau; los ntawm cov qauv galactic, nws yog peb cov neeg nyob ze.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yooj yim rau kev soj ntsuam nws nrog kev siv lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, txawm hais tias nws muaj peev xwm thaij tau nws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj tso lub lim tshwj xeeb ntawm lub lens uas tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov spectral bands ntawm lub teeb tawm los ntawm ionized hydrogen.. Qhov tseeb yog tias Barnard 33 pom rau peb tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lwm lub nebula - ib qho emission nebula uas nquag radiates precisely hauv pawg no.spectrum. Nrog cov lim dej no siv, daim duab Nees Lub Taub Hau zoo li qhov no (saib hauv qab).
Tawm ntawm huab
Yog tias koj saib ze ntawm daim duab ntawm nebula, koj tuaj yeem pom tias nws zoo li tau tshwm sim los ntawm huab cua loj heev uas pom los ntawm cov hnub qub. Qhov kev pom zoo nkauj no tuaj yeem ua rau tus neeg xav tsis thoob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj nco qab tias "caj dab" thiab "lub taub hau" ntawm qhov chaw nees nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 3.5 lub teeb xyoo.
Qhov kev tsim loj uas lawv yog ib feem me me, dhau los, tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv loj dua ntau pua lub teeb-xyoo ntev. Cov qauv no suav nrog cov huab cua loj hauv nruab nrab ntawm plua plav thiab roj, ci ntsa iab ntawm nebulae, tsaus globules - cais huab cua ntawm cov pa roj thiab hmoov av, cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab tsim cov hnub qub. Qhov no tag nrho yog hu ua "Orion Molecular Cloud".
Xwm Txheej Tsaus Ntuj Nebula
Lo lus "tsaus" txhais tau tias nws nqus lub teeb, tab sis tsis tawm los yog tawg nws tus kheej, thiab pom nyob rau hauv qhov muag pom tsuas yog vim nws cov silhouette tiv thaiv lub teeb los ntawm emission nebula IC 434 qab nws.
Cov khoom zoo li no yog qhov ntom ntom (los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub hnub qub), cov huab cua ntev heev ntawm cov pa thiab hmoov av. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm cov ciam teb tsis sib xws thiab tsis meej thiab feem ntau muaj cov duab tsis sib xws.
Cov huabtxias, lawv qhov kub thiab txias tsis tshaj li ob peb kaum, tej zaum txawm units, kelvin. Cov roj muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv molecular, thiab cov plua plav interstellar kuj tseem muaj - cov khoom siv txog li 0.2 microns loj. Qhov loj ntawm plua plav yog li 1% ntawm cov pa roj. Lub concentration ntawm ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug molecular huab yuav yog los ntawm 10 -4mus rau 10-6 hais ib cubic centimeter.
Cov huab loj tshaj plaws tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab, xws li Coal Sack nyob rau hauv lub hnub qub ntawm Southern Cross lossis Great Pit nyob rau hauv constellation Cygnus.
Infrared portrait
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov nthwv dej astronomy ua rau nws pom lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim. Tom qab tag nrho, cov khoom ntawm lub cev muaj peev xwm ntawm radiating tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub optical ntau yam. Ntxiv mus, qhov ntau zaus no - tsuas yog ib qho muaj rau peb qhov kev nkag siab ncaj qha - yog nqaim heev, thiab nws tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm tag nrho cov hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw.
rays infrared tuaj yeem qhia ntau yam txog ntau qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm molecular huab, lawv tam sim no yog ib tug indispensable cuab tam. Absorbing lub teeb ntawm optical frequencies, huab yuav inevitably re-emit nws nyob rau hauv lub infrared cheeb tsam ntawm lub spectrum, thiab cov hluav taws xob no yuav nqa cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv ntawm lub nebula thiab hais txog cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv nws. Plua plav tsis muaj teeb meem rau cov rays.
Xyoo 2013, nrog kev pab ntawm lub tsom iav qhov chaw. Hubble tau ntes ib qho ntawm cov duab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Horsehead Nebula. Diam duab thaij ntawm wavelengths ntawm 1.1 µm (xiav overlay) thiab 1.6 µm(xim txiv kab ntxwv); sab qaum teb sab laug. Tab sis nws tsis zoo li nees lawm.
Dab tsi nyob hauv?
Infrared cov duab zoo li tshem tawm cov ntaub thaiv plua plav tawm ntawm nebula, vim tias cov qauv huab ntawm Barnard 33 tau pom. ntawm cov hluav taws xob nyuaj los ntawm cov hnub qub kub hluas. Ib tug ntawm cov luminaries nyob rau saum huab.
Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm huab cua kuj yog vim muaj hluav taws xob ionizing los ntawm emission nebula IC 434. Saib tam sim no ntawm cov duab kho qhov muag, lub ci ntsa iab nyob ib ncig ntawm ntug Barnard 33 tau tawm tsam - ionization pem hauv ntej, qhov chaw muaj zog photons ntsib nrog. cov txheej txheej ntawm huab. Tag nrho cov hluav taws xob no, ionizing cov pa, cia "tuag" nws. Accelerating nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog magnetic teb, nws tawm hauv huab. Yog li, Nees Lub taub hau maj mam yaj, thiab hauv ob peb lab xyoo nws yuav ploj mus tag nrho.
Daim duab ntev-ntev infrared qhia tau hais tias muaj cov qauv sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub nebula: lub pa roj arc pom meej qhov uas peb pom cov silhouette paub ntawm tus nees hauv optics.
Chemistry ntawm cov pa roj thiab hmoov av
Vim tias qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm nebulae txias heev, lawv tus kheej hluav taws xob poob rau ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub spectrum. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov huab no yog kawm los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lub ncov ntawm lub microwave thiab xov tooj cua spectra - lub thiaj li hu ua kos npe, lub spectral kos npe rau ntawm tej molecules. Cov hluav taws xob infrared los ntawm cov plua plav kuj tseem raug tshuaj xyuas.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ib qho nebula yog, ntawm chav kawm, hydrogen - txog 70% ntawm nws. Helium - kwv yees li 28%; tus so yog suav nrog lwm yam khoom. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lawv cov concentrations nyob rau hauv txawv nebulae yuav txawv. Cov kos npe ntawm dej, carbon monoxide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, nruab nrab carbon, thiab lwm yam khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab interstellar tau pom nyob rau hauv Horsehead spectra. Tseem muaj cov organic tebchaw: ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj qee qhov tsis paub txog kab.
Nyob rau xyoo 2012, nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov molecule lub luag haujlwm rau qhov kos npe tsis meej no thaum kawg tau pom. Nws hloov tawm los ua ib qho yooj yim hydrocarbon compound C3H+. Interestingly, nyob rau hauv lub terrestrial tej yam kev mob xws li ib tug molecular ion yuav tsis ruaj khov, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub interstellar nebula, qhov teeb meem yog heev rarefied, tsis muaj dab tsi tiv thaiv nws los ntawm uas twb muaj lawm.
Star Nursery
Cov huab cua txias thiab tuab molecular yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim lub hnub qub, lub txaj ntawm cov hnub qub yav tom ntej thiab lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm lub hnub qub tsim, qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem no tseem tsis meej. Tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov khoom protostellar nyob rau theem sib txawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nebulae, nrog rau cov hnub qub hluas heev, tau raug pov thawj siv ntau cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam.
Lub Horsehead nyob rau hauv lub constellation ntawm Orion yog tsis muaj kev zam. Feem ntau, tag nrho cov loj heev molecular Orion huab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwmlub hnub qub tsim. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntom ntom ntawm Barnard 33, cov txheej txheem ntawm lub hnub yug tau tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, ib qho khoom ci ci yuav luag ntawm nws "lub kaus mom" yog ib lub luminary hluas uas tseem tsis tau tso nws "cov chaw zov me nyuam" ntawm plua plav thiab roj. Muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws hauv thaj chaw uas lub nebula koom nrog huab cua loj. Yog li ntawd lub 'hnub qub chaw zov me nyuam' hauv Horsehead tau ua haujlwm thiab thaum kawg yuav ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qauv cosmic zoo nkauj no.
