XIX Ecumenical Council ntawm Trent 1545-1563 tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Catholicism. Feem ntau ntawm cov dogmas saws tom qab ib nrab xyoo txhiab tseem cuam tshuam. Lub rooj sib txoos siab ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic tau ntsib ntawm qhov siab ntawm Kev Hloov Kho, thaum cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb Europe, tsis txaus siab rau kev tsim txom thiab lub neej nplua nuj ntawm pawg ntseeg, tsis kam lees paub txog txoj cai ntawm Pope. Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trent thiab cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tau dhau los ua "kev tawm tsam" ntawm cov neeg hloov kho, ua lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Txhaum Cai Hloov Kho ntawm 16th caug xyoo.
Vajtswv ua rau muaj kev sib cav
Lub Koom Txoos Catholic thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th tau tsom ntau thaj av hauv nws txhais tes thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, pawg ntseeg ib feem kaum tau tshwm sim - kev sau ntawm ib feem kaum ntawm cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev sau lossis nyiaj ntsuab. Lub Koom Txoos nyob tau zoo kawg nkaus, nyob rau lub sij hawm uas muaj ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ncaj nceesua neeg pluag. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev ntseeg, txoj cai ntawm pawg ntseeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov popes ntawm Rome tau nthuav tawm qhov muag ntawm indulgences - cov ntawv tshwj xeeb "rau kev zam txim ntawm kev txhaum." Rau qee qhov kev tsis txaus siab, ib tug neeg, tsis hais qhov kev coj ua tsis zoo, raug tso tawm ntawm ib qho kev txhaum. Xws li kev muag khoom ua rau tsis txaus siab ntawm cov ntseeg. Lub hauv paus ntawm Reformation yog lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas tau tawg thiab zoo li "patchwork quilt". Tawm tsam qhov keeb kwm tsis zoo li no, nws tau txiav txim siab los sib tham hauv Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trent.
Kev puas tsuaj loj rau txoj cai ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic ua rau tib neeg txoj kev ntseeg. Nws tus thawj coj yog Erasmus ntawm Rotterdam. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Qhuab Qhia ntawm stupidity, humanist sharply condemned lub shortcomings thiab ignorance ntawm churchmen. Lwm daim duab hauv German humanism yog Ulrich von Hutten, uas suav tias yog papal Rome kom tawm tsam kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Nws yuav tsum tau hais ntxiv tias cov ntseeg kuj chim siab los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov lus ntawm kev pe hawm yog Latin, uas cov parishioners ib txwm tsis to taub.
Reformation
Kev Hloov Kho tau dhau los ua kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Feem ntau, cov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trent tau hais tawm tsam Kev Hloov Kho. Thawj lub tswv yim yog kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj los ntawm Pope thiab cov thawj coj ntawm Kev Hloov Kho. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib tham, theej, kev sib cav txog kev kawm tsis tau ua tiav.
Lub Kaum Hli 31, 1517 Martin Luther tau nailed "95 Theses" rau ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm nws lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Wittenberg, sharply rau txim rau kev muag khoom ntawm indulgences. Hauv ib lub sijhawm luv, kaum tawm txhiab tus neegtau los ua cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Luther cov tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv 1520, Pope tau muab ib tug nyuj excommunicating ib tug hauj sam los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Luther hlawv nws rau pej xeem, uas txhais tau tias zaum kawg so nrog Rome. Martin Luther tsis mloog lub tsev teev ntuj, nws xav kom nws yooj yim dua. Cov postulates ntawm cov neeg hloov kho tau pom tseeb rau txhua tus:
- Cov pov thawj muaj peev xwm yuav, hnav khaub ncaws zoo tib yam, yuav tsum ua raws li kev cai lij choj rau txhua tus.
- Lub tsev teev ntuj Lutheran tsis kam cov cim thiab cov duab puab ntawm Tswv Yexus thiab Leej Niam.
- Vajtswv yog tib txoj kev ntseeg Vajtswv xwb.
Yim yug ntawm Protestantism
Huab tais Charles V txiav txim siab los cuam tshuam. Xyoo 1521 Luther tuaj txog ntawm Reichstag hauv Worms. Nyob ntawd nws raug muab tso tseg nws txoj kev xav, tab sis Luther tsis kam. Indignant, tus huab tais tawm ntawm lub rooj sib tham. Ntawm txoj kev mus tsev, Luther raug tawm tsam, tab sis tus xaiv tsa ntawm Saxony Frederick tus Txawj Ntse cawm nws los ntawm kev zais nws hauv nws lub tsev fuabtais. Qhov tsis tuaj ntawm Martin Luther tsis tau tso tseg txoj Kev Hloov Kho.
Xyoo 1529, Emperor Charles V tau thov los ntawm cov neeg thim txoj moo zoo kom ua raws li kev ntseeg tshwj xeeb hauv Catholic hauv thaj chaw ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv (qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees). Tab sis 5 lub hauv paus tseem ceeb nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm 14 lub nroog tau hais tawm lawv qhov kev tawm tsam. Txij thaum ntawd los, Catholics pib hu cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Reformation Protestants.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm Kev Hloov Kho
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov keeb kwm ntev, lub Koom Txoos Catholic yeej tsis tau ntsib kev poob siab loj npaum li Kev Hloov Kho. Nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub teb chaws Catholic, papal Rome pib muaj kev tawm tsam tawm tsam "Protestant heresy." Qhov systemKev ntsuas tsom rau kev txwv thiab tshem tawm cov tswv yim hloov kho thiab kev txav mus los, hu ua Counter-Reformation. Qhov tshwm sim rau cov xwm txheej no yog Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trent hauv 1545.
Qhov pib ntawm kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Kev Hloov Kho tau raug cim los ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav medieval, nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm ntau pua tus "Protestant heretics" perished. Cov Inquisitors tau tswj xyuas phau ntawv tshaj tawm. Yog tsis muaj kev tso cai, tsis tuaj yeem luam tawm ib qho haujlwm, thiab cov ntaub ntawv "teeb meem" tau nkag mus rau hauv qhov tshwj xeeb "index ntawm cov ntawv txwv tsis pub" thiab raug hlawv.
Catholic Reform
Kev hloov pauv tau faib lub ntiaj teb Catholic ib nrab, tab sis nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, cov neeg European vam tias qhov xwm txheej tseem tuaj yeem kho. Nws tsuas yog tsim nyog kom nrhiav kev sib haum xeeb, ob tog ua ib kauj ruam ntawm ib leeg. Yog li xav tsis tsuas yog cov neeg ntseeg zoo tib yam nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib feem ntawm cov cardinals thiab cov npis sov. Los ntawm lawv nruab nrab, cov suab ntawm cov neeg uas tau hu rau tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv los hloov lub koom txoos tau nrov zuj zus tuaj.
Cov popes hesitated ntev ua ntej pom zoo rau kev hloov pauv. Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv 1545, Pope Paul III tau los ua ib tug Ecumenical Council. Qhov chaw ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trent sib raug rau lub nroog Trento (Ltalis). Nws tshwm sim tsis tu ncua mus txog 1563, uas yog, rau 18 xyoo.
Yeej rau cov Reformers ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic
Txij thaum pib, cov neeg koom nrog pawg sab laj tau faib ua ob pawg - cov neeg txhawb nqa kev hloov kho Catholic thiab nws cov neeg tawm tsam. Hauv kev sib tham hnyav, qhov kawg yeej. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub siabtau txais kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trent, tuav txoj haujlwm ntawm txoj kev ntseeg Catholic rau ntau pua xyoo.
Papacy yuav tsum tau tso tseg qhov muag ntawm indulgences, thiab kom paub meej lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic los tsim ib tug network ntawm theological seminaries. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov phab ntsa, Catholic cov pov thawj ntawm ib hom tshiab yuav tsum tau cob qhia, leej twg, nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev kawm, tsis yog qis dua Protestant preachers.
Lub Rooj Sab Laj ntawm Trent: nws lub ntsiab lus thiab qhov tshwm sim
Lub Cathedral yog cov lus teb ntawm Catholicism rau Protestantism. Nws tau raug tsa los ntawm Pope Paul III hauv 1542, tab sis vim yog kev ua tsov rog Franco-German, thawj lub rooj sib tham tsis tshwm sim txog 1945. Pawg sab laj tau tuav los ntawm peb tus txiv plig. Muaj 25 lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tab sis tsuas yog 13 lub rooj sib tham tau txiav txim siab muaj hmoo uas cuam tshuam txog kev ntseeg, kev lis kev cai lossis kev qhuab qhia.
Lub Rooj Sab Laj ntawm Trent yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Cov dogmas tau txais los ntawm cov rooj sib tham nrog ntau yam teeb meem tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, cov peev txheej ntawm kev ntseeg tau raug txheeb xyuas, lub canon ntawm cov phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum tau pom zoo. Ntawm Pawg Sab Laj, cais dogmas tau sib tham uas tau tsis lees paub los ntawm Protestants. Raws li kev sib tham, tus cwj pwm ntawm indulgences tau kho dua.
Cov lus nug ntawm lub cim nco txog ntawm kev cai raus dej thiab chrismation, Eurasistia thiab hloov siab lees txim, kev sib raug zoo, kev txi ntawm St. Liturgy, kev sib yuav. No dogmatic series tau ua tiav los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm purgatory, veneration ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, thiab lwm yam.
Pope Pius IX tau pom zoo rau Pawg Thawj Coj Kev Cai ntawm 1564. Tom qab nws tuag, Pope St. Pius V tau tshaj tawm cov lus qhuab qhia uas tau lees paub los ntawm Pawg Sab Laj, hloov khobreviary thiab tshiab missal.
Council of Trent: kev txiav txim siab loj
- Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm pawg ntseeg hierarchy, Mass thiab lees txim.
- Kev khaws cia xya lub cim nco txog, pe hawm lub cim dawb huv.
- Kev lees paub ntawm lub luag haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm lub Koom Txoos thiab lub hwj chim loj tshaj plaws ntawm Pope nyob hauv nws.
Lub Rooj Sab Laj ntawm Trent tau tso lub hauv paus rau kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm Catholicism thiab ntxiv dag zog rau pawg ntseeg kev qhuab qhia. Nws qhia tias kev so nrog Protestantism tiav lawm.
Kev qhia ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trent ntawm Eucharist
Lub Rooj Sab Laj ntawm Trent (1545-1563) tau hais txog qhov teeb meem ntawm Eucharist thoob plaws nws lub sijhawm. Nws tau txais peb tsab cai tseem ceeb
- Txoj Cai ntawm Tus Dawb Huv Eucharist (1551).
- "Txoj Cai ntawm Kev Sib Koom Tes ntawm Ob Hom thiab Kev Sib Koom Tes ntawm Me Me" (16. VII.1562).
- "Txoj Cai Lij Choj Dawb Huv Tshaj Lij Tshaj Plaws ntawm Pawg Dawb Huv" (X. 17, 1562).
Lub Rooj Sab Laj ntawm Trent tiv thaiv, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov muaj tiag ntawm Tswv Yexus nyob rau hauv Eucharist thiab txoj hauv kev uas qhov kev tshwm sim no tshwm sim hauv qab cov duab ntawm cawv txiv hmab thiab khob cij thaum lub sijhawm fij - "transubstantiatio". Tau kawg, qhov no yog ib qho kev qhia dav dav ntawm txoj kev, vim tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kws ntseeg nyob ib puag ncig cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog yuav ua li cas raws nraim qhov "transubstantiatio" tshwm sim.
Yav dhau los nws tau xav tias Tswv Yexus tuaj nyob hauv Eucharist tom qab Liturgy, yog tias lub cev thiab cov ntshav tau fij tseg. Lub Council of Trent tau lees paub qhov no. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej ntawm kev txi ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Dawb Huv thiab kev txi ntawm Khetos saum tus ntoo khaub lig kuj tau lees paub.
Tom qab Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trenttheologians rov tsom mus rau lub zeem muag nqaim ntawm lub Eucharist: ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm Tswv Yexus thiab ntawm tus cwj pwm kev txi ntawm pawg ntseeg. Txoj kev no ua rau cov Protestants ntseeg tias lawv yog. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog kev txi loj, thiab txawm hais tias nws yeej tsis tau lees paub tias qhov no tsuas yog kev txi ntawm Yexus Khetos, qhov tseem ceeb heev ntawm kev txi ntawm Kev Pabcuam hauv nws tus kheej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev xav tias qhov kev txi no tau sib nrauj los ntawm keeb kwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tus pov thawj thaum lub sij hawm Eucharist ua hauj lwm yog "Christ thib ob" tau txo qis lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg ncaj ncees thaum lub liturgy.
Zoo kawg
Cov dogmas pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trent, feem ntau, tau muaj txoj sia nyob tsis hloov mus rau hnub no. Lub Koom Txoos Catholic ua neej nyob raws li txoj cai tau txais los ntawm 500 xyoo dhau los. Tias yog vim li cas Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Trent raug suav hais tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txij li kev faib ntawm ib pawg ntseeg mus rau Catholic thiab Protestant.
