Lub cev tib neeg tsis yog cov khoom nruab nrog cev thiab lub cev. Qhov no yog ib tug complex biological system txuas nrog kev tswj mechanisms ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab endocrine xwm. Thiab ib qho ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm lub cev kev ua haujlwm yog hypothalamic-pituitary system. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav xav txog lub anatomy thiab physiology ntawm no complex system. Cia peb piav qhia luv luv ntawm cov tshuaj hormones uas zais cia los ntawm thalamus thiab hypothalamus, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm cov kab mob hypothalamic-pituitary thiab cov kab mob uas lawv ua rau.
Thalamus - pituitary caj pas: txuas los ntawm ib txoj saw
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub cev hypothalamus thiab pituitary caj pas rau hauv ib qho system ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub cev. Hauv qhov system no, muaj ob qho tib si ncaj qha thiab rov qab sib txuas, uastswj cov synthesis thiab secretion ntawm cov tshuaj hormones.
Lub hypothalamus tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub qog pituitary, thiab cov lus tawm tswv yim yog ua los ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ntawm cov qog endocrine, uas tau tso tawm raws li kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj hormones pituitary. Yog li, cov qog endocrine peripheral nrog cov ntshav ntws coj lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg mus rau hypothalamus thiab tswj cov haujlwm secretory ntawm lub paj hlwb hypothalamic-pituitary.
Nco ntsoov tias cov tshuaj hormones yog cov protein los yog cov tshuaj steroid lom uas tso rau hauv cov ntshav los ntawm cov kab mob endocrine thiab tswj cov metabolism, dej thiab ntxhia sib npaug, kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev, thiab tseem koom nrog hauv lub cev teb rau kev nyuaj siab.
Ib me ntsis ntawm lub cev
Lub physiology ntawm hypothalamic-pituitary system yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov qauv anatomical ntawm cov qauv uas nws suav nrog.
Lub hypothalamus yog ib feem me me ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub hlwb, uas yog tsim los ntawm ntau tshaj 30 pawg ntawm cov paj hlwb (nodes). Nws txuas nrog cov paj hlwb mus rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb: cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum, hlwb qia thiab qaum qaum. Lub hypothalamus tswj cov tshuaj hormonal secretion ntawm lub caj pas pituitary thiab yog qhov txuas ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab endocrine system. Kev tshaib plab, nqhis dej, thermoregulation, kev ntshaw kev sib deev, pw tsaug zog thiab tsaug zog - qhov no tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho ntawm cov dej num ntawm lub cev, lub anatomical ciam teb uas tsis meej, thiab qhov hnyav yog txog 5 grams.
Lub caj pas pituitary yog ib puag ncig tsim nyob rau sab qis ntawm lub hlwb, hnyav txog li 0.5 grams. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus nruab nrab ntawm lub endocrine system, nws "tus neeg xyuas pib" - nws tig rau thiab tawm ntawm tag nrho cov secretory kabmob ntawm peb lub cev. Lub caj pas pituitary muaj ob lub lobes:
- Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe), uas yog tsim los ntawm ntau hom qog nqaij hlav uas tsim cov tshuaj hormones tropic (tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev tshwj xeeb).
- Lub neurohypophysis (lub lobe tom qab), uas yog tsim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov hlwb neurosecretory ntawm lub hypothalamus.
Vim cov qauv anatomical no, lub cev hypothalamic-pituitary tau muab faib ua 2 ntu - hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal thiab hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj
Yog lub caj pas pituitary yog "tus coj" ntawm lub suab paj nruag, ces lub hypothalamus yog "suab paj nruag". Ob lub ntsiab hormones yog synthesized nyob rau hauv nws cov nuclei - vasopressin (diuretic) thiab oxytocin, uas yog thauj mus rau neurohypophysis.
Ntxiv rau, tso cov tshuaj hormones tso tawm ntawm no, uas tswj kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones hauv adenohypophysis. Cov no yog peptides uas tuaj nyob rau hauv 2 hom:
- Liberins yog tso tawm cov tshuaj hormones uas txhawb cov qog nqaij hlav hauv pituitary (somatoliberin, corticoliberin, thyreoliberin, gonadotropin).
- Statins yog cov tshuaj hormone-inhibitors uas cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub qog pituitary (somatostatin, prolactinostatin).
Tshuaj cov tshuaj hormones tsis tsuas yog tswj hwm cov haujlwm zais cia ntawm lub caj pas pituitary, tab sis tseem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov paj hlwb hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb. Ntau yam ntawm lawv twb tau muab sau ua ke thiabtau pom lawv daim ntawv thov hauv kev kho mob hauv kev kho ntawm pathologies ntawm hypothalamic-pituitary system.
Lub hypothalamus kuj tseem tsim cov morphine-zoo li peptides - enkephalins thiab endorphins, uas txo cov kev ntxhov siab thiab pab kho mob.
Lub hypothalamus tau txais cov cim qhia los ntawm lwm lub hlwb siv cov kab ke tshwj xeeb amino thiab yog li muab kev sib txuas ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab endocrine systems ntawm lub cev. Nws cov hlwb neurosecretory ua rau cov hlwb ntawm lub pituitary tsis yog los ntawm kev xa cov paj hlwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev tso cov neurohormones. Qhov no tau txais cov cim los ntawm retina, olfactory noob, saj thiab mob receptors. Lub hypothalamus txheeb xyuas cov ntshav siab, qib ntshav qabzib, lub xeev ntawm lub plab zom mov thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kabmob sab hauv.
Cov ntsiab cai ua haujlwm
Cov kev cai ntawm hypothalamic-pituitary system yog ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ncaj qha (zoo) thiab tawm tswv yim (tsis zoo) kev sib txuas. Nws yog qhov kev cuam tshuam no uas ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm tus kheej thiab normalization ntawm lub cev hormonal tshuav.
Neurohormones ntawm hypothalamus ua rau cov hlwb ntawm lub caj pas pituitary thiab nce (liberins) lossis inhibit (statins) nws txoj haujlwm zais cia. Nov yog qhov txuas ncaj qha.
Thaum theem ntawm cov tshuaj hormones pituitary hauv cov ntshav nce, lawv nkag mus rau hypothalamus thiab txo nws txoj haujlwm zais cia. Nov yog cov lus qhia.
Qhov no yog li cas cov kev tswj hwm neurohormonal ntawm lub cev ua haujlwm tau lees paub, qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm ib puag ncig sab hauv tau lees paub, kev sib koom tes ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb thiabadaptability rau ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob.
Hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal region
Lub chaw haujlwm no zais 6 cov tshuaj hormones ntawm hypothalamic-pituitary system, uas yog:
- Prolactin lossis luteotropic hormone - txhawb nqa lactation, kev loj hlob thiab cov txheej txheem metabolic, kev xav ntawm kev saib xyuas cov xeeb ntxwv.
- Thyrotropin - muab kev tswj hwm ntawm cov thyroid caj pas.
- Adenocorticotropin - tswj kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones glucocorticoid los ntawm adrenal cortex.
- 2 gonadotropic cov tshuaj hormones - luteinizing (hauv txiv neej) thiab follicle-stimulating (hauv poj niam), uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib deev thiab kev ua haujlwm.
- Somatotropic hormone - txhawb kev tsim cov protein ntau hauv cov hlwb, cuam tshuam rau tag nrho kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev.
Hypothalamo-Neuropituitary Department
Lub chaw haujlwm no ua haujlwm 2 lub luag haujlwm ntawm hypothalamic-pituitary system. Tom qab pituitary secretes cov tshuaj hormones asparotocin, vasotocin, valitocin, glumitocin, isotocin, thiab mezotocin. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv tib neeg lub cev.
Ntxiv rau, hauv chav haujlwm no, vasopressin thiab oxytocin tau txais los ntawm hypothalamus tau tso rau hauv cov ntshav.
Vasopressin tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm cov dej tso tawm los ntawm lub raum, ua kom lub suab ntawm cov leeg du ntawm cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov hlab ntsha, thiab koom nrog kev tswj hwm kev ua phem thiab kev nco.
Oxytocin yog ib yam tshuaj ntawm cov kab mob hypothalamic-pituitary, uas nws lub luag haujlwm yog txhawm rau txhawb nqa uterine contractions thaum cev xeeb tub, txhawb kev sib deev thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg koom tes. Qhov noCov tshuaj hormones feem ntau hu ua "hormone ntawm kev zoo siab."
Kab mob ntawm hypothalamic-pituitary system
Raws li nws tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb, cov kab mob ntawm cov kab ke no cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam hauv kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj ntawm nws lub chaw haujlwm - hypothalamus, sab xub ntiag thiab tom qab ntawm lub caj pas pituitary.
Txhua yam kev hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj hormones hauv lub cev ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj hauv lub cev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tus "composer" lossis "conductor" ua yuam kev.
Ntxiv nrog rau kev cuam tshuam hormonal, qhov ua rau pathologies hauv cov kab mob hypothalamus-pituitary caj pas tuaj yeem yog oncological neoplasms thiab raug mob uas cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw no. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom sau tag nrho cov kab mob ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam kev cob cog rua nrog no tswj system. Peb yuav tsom mus rau cov kab mob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab muab cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm lawv.
Dwarfism thiab Gigantism
Cov kab mob loj hlob no cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj somatotropic.
Pituitary dwarfism yog ib yam kab mob cuam tshuam nrog somatotropin deficiency. Nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug lag nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob (lub cev thiab kev sib deev). Lub etiology ntawm tus kab mob yog txuam nrog cov yam ntxwv keeb kwm, kev yug me nyuam, kev raug mob thiab cov qog pituitary. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv 60% ntawm cov neeg mob, qhov ua rau dwarfism tsis tuaj yeem tsim. Txoj kev kho yog cuam tshuam nrog kev noj cov tshuaj hormones tsis tu ncua los ntawm cov neeg mob.
Pituitary gigantism yog ib yam kab mob cuam tshuam nrog ntau dhau lossis nce kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev loj hlob hormone. Nws tshwm sim ntau zaus tom qab 10 xyoo, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim yog neuroinfections, o hauvdiencephalon, kev raug mob. Tus kab mob manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob sai, nta ntawm acromegaly (o ntawm ceg thiab lub ntsej muag pob txha). Cov tshuaj estrogens thiab androgens yog siv los kho.
Adiposogenital dystrophy
Qhov ua rau cov kab mob no tuaj yeem yog kab mob hauv plab, yug me nyuam, kis kab mob (scarlet fever, typhus), kab mob ntev (syphilis thiab tuberculosis), qog nqaij hlav, thrombosis, cerebral hemorrhages.
Daim duab kho mob suav nrog kev txhim kho ntawm qhov chaw mos, gynecomastia (kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog mammary vim muaj roj deposition) thiab rog rog. Feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov tub hluas hnub nyoog 10-13.
Itsenko-Cushing's disease
Cov kab mob no tshwm sim thaum lub hypothalamus, thalamus thiab reticular tsim ntawm lub hlwb raug cuam tshuam. Cov etiology yog txuam nrog kev raug mob, neuroinfections (meningitis, encephalitis), intoxications thiab qog.
Tus kab mob no tshwm sim vim kev tso tawm ntau dhau ntawm corticotropin los ntawm adrenal cortex.
Nrog rau cov kab mob no, cov neeg mob qhia tsis muaj zog, mob taub hau, mob hauv caj dab, tsaug zog thiab nqhis dej. Pathology yog nrog los ntawm kev rog thiab luv luv stature, puffiness ntawm lub ntsej muag, tawv nqaij qhuav nrog cov yam ntxwv stretch marks (stretch marks).
Erythrocytes nce hauv cov ntshav, ntshav siab nce ntxiv, tachycardia thiab dystrophy ntawm cov leeg plawv.
Kev kho mob yog cov tsos mob.
