Sau phau ntawv ci ntsa iab, nco ntsoov yog qhov nyuaj. Tab sis qee tus kws sau ntawv paub yuav ua li cas kom yeej qhov kev nyiam ntawm kev nyeem ntawv zoo nrog lawv cov haujlwm. Dab tsi yog qhov zais cia ntawm lawv txoj kev vam meej? Wb sim nrhiav seb hauv kab lus no yuav ua li cas lawv ua tiav kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Cov lus hais lus - cov lus nrog cov lus ntxhib, stylistically txo qis thiab txawm hais lus tsis zoo, uas nyob sab nraum thaj tsam ntawm cov lus sau. Lawv tsis yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus qauv, bookish style, tab sis paub txog ntau pawg hauv zej zog thiab yog ib qho kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg uas tsis paub cov lus sau. Cov lus no yog siv rau hauv qee hom kev sib tham: hauv kev tso dag lossis kev hais lus paub, hauv kev hais lus sib cav, thiab lwm yam.
Feem ntau, lus yog hu ua cov lus tsis yog sau ntawv uas yog siv rau tib neeg kev sib tham. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais lus tsis zoo thiab muaj kev qhia tshwj xeeb. hauv nwssuav nrog, piv txwv li, cov lus xws li: "sab hauv", "ntau", "dawb", "lawv", "lwm hnub", "rau lub sijhawm", "nyuaj", "hauv ntau", "tau txais. nkees", "rubbish", "blurt out", "hard worker", "balk", "brainy".
Cov qhab nia hauv phau ntawv txhais lus, qhia txog qhov txo qis ntawm cov lus thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus, muab cov qhab nia rho tawm, suav tsis txheeb. Cov lus sib tham feem ntau muaj cov lus ntsuas-hais lus.
Koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus lees paub dav dav hauv nws, sib txawv tsuas yog hauv lawv cov lus hais thiab cov xovtooj ("snuffbox" tsis yog "snuffbox", "siab" es tsis yog "loj").
Yog vim li cas siv
Cov lus hais hauv ntau hom lus yog siv rau ntau yam laj thawj: tus kws sau ntawv ncaj qha rau qhov tau piav qhia, kev ua siab zoo (cov lus tshaj tawm), cov ntsiab lus nthuav tawm thiab kev poob siab (cov lus hais), cov cwj pwm zoo (cov kab lus kos duab). Hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam thiab kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb, cov lus sib tham tau pom tias yog ib qho txawv teb chaws style.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Cov lus hais lus ntxhib ntxhib ntxhib ntxhib ntxhib los mos, xim tsis zoo. Nws muaj, piv txwv li, ntawm cov lus xws li: "riff-raff", "dylda", "stupid", "mug", "pot-bellied", "trapach", "muzzle", "mug", "bast shoe", "bitch", "pierce", "slam", "bastard", "hamlo". Kev vulgarisms heev yog rau nws, uas yog, kev hais lus phem (kev tsim txom tsis ncaj ncees). Nyob rau hauv cov style no, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov lus uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb (feem ntau metamorphic) - "xws li" (" nyiag "), "nws txiav zoo li ntawd" ("hais lus ntse"), " yob" (" sau "),"weave" ("hais lus tsis muaj tseeb"), "hat" ("blunder"), "vinaigrette" ("mess").
Casual style
Cov lus hais lus yog ib yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kws sau cov lus nrog rau cov lus nruab nrab thiab phau ntawv. Nws tsim cov lus paub tshwj xeeb hauv cov kab lus sib tham. Cov qauv no yog tsom rau kev sib tham tsis raug cai hauv ib qho chaw ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm tus kheej (kev sib txuas lus zoo thiab kev qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm, kev xav, kev xav rau qhov kev sib tham), nrog rau cov chav nyob ntawm lwm theem ntawm cov lus, ua yeeb yam hauv cov kab lus sib tham. Yog li ntawd, txhua hnub kab lus yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nthuav qhia subdued xim.
Cov lus sib tham tau muab faib ua ob txheej txheej txheej txheem sib txawv: sau lus thiab lus txhua hnub.
Vocabulary
Cov lus hais lus thiab lus sib tham yog dab tsi? Cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub muaj cov lus yam ntxwv ntawm qhov ncauj hom kev sib txuas lus. Cov kab lus hais lus yog heterogeneous. Lawv nyob hauv qab cov lus hais nruab nrab, tab sis nyob ntawm qib ntawm kev sau ntawv, cov lus no tau muab faib ua ob pawg tseem ceeb: cov lus sib tham thiab lus sib tham.
Cov lus niaj hnub suav nrog cov ntsiab lus uas muab kev sib tham ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tsis muaj tseeb (tab sis tsis yog cov lus tsis zoo). Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov lus hais, cov lus sib tham, zoo li qhov nruab nrab, muaj ntau haiv neeg.
Nws suav nrog:
- nouns: "wit","tus txiv neej loj", "tsis muaj tseeb";
- adjectives: "loose", "disorderly";
- adverbs: "nyob rau hauv kuv tus kheej txoj kev", "ntawm random";
- interjections: "oh", "bai", "lie".
Cov lus txhua hnub, txawm tias nws dullness, tsis mus dhau ntawm cov ciam teb ntawm cov lus Lavxias.
Vocabulary qis dua li cov lus niaj hnub, yog li nws tau muab tso rau sab nraum tus qauv sau ntawv Lavxias teb sab lus. Nws muab faib ua peb pawg:
- Cov lus hais lus ntxhib yog grammatically qhia los ntawm adjectives ("dunk", "pot-bellied"), verbs ("snooze", "smell"), nouns ("dylda", "stupid"), adverbs ("lusy", "foolishly"). Cov lus no feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg kawm tsis zoo, txiav txim siab lawv cov kab lis kev cai. Qee zaum lawv pom nyob rau hauv kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov lus no, lawv lub peev xwm semantic thiab kev xav qee zaum tso cai rau kev nthuav tawm thiab luv luv los qhia tus cwj pwm (feem ntau tsis zoo) rau txhua yam khoom, tshwm sim lossis tib neeg.
- Roughly colloquial lexicon txawv ntawm coarsely nthuav qhia los ntawm qib siab swagger. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, xws li cov lus: "khailo", "mug", "murlo", "turnip", "grunted", "rylnik". Cov lus no yog lus zoo, lawv muaj peev xwm qhia tau tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm tus hais lus rau txhua ntu. Vim muaj kev lim hiam ntau dhau lawm, cov lus zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem lees txais hauv kev sib tham ntawm haiv neeg.
- Txoj lus hais lus zoo. Nws suav nrog cov lus me me uas tsis yog sau ntawv tsis yog vim lawv tsis paub (lawv tsis hais lus tsis zoo hauv cov xim thiab lub ntsiab lus) lossis muajtus cwj pwm phem (lawv tsis muaj kev tsim txom tsis zoo), tab sis vim tias lawv tsis raug qhia kom siv los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv hauv kev sib tham. Cov no yog cov lus xws li "ua ntej", "hnub no", "tyaty", "tej zaum", "yug". Hom lus no tseem hu ua pej xeem thiab txawv ntawm cov lus tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub nroog thiab hauv lub teb chaws.
Synonyms
Synonyms in vernacular and literary vocabulary feem ntau sib txawv ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia thiab kev nthuav qhia tib lub sijhawm:
- head - galangal, taub hau;
- face - duab, muzzle;
- ceg yog lus cog tseg.
Ntau zaus hauv kev sib tham tsis yog tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus xws li, tab sis cov lus sib txawv ntawm cov lus sau, suav nrog cov qauv sau ntawv:
- rau nws - rau nws;
- ib txwm - ib txwm;
- nws noj - nws noj;
- los ntawm muaj - los ntawm qhov ntawd;
x
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsa sawv daws.
Creativity ntawm M. Zoshchenko
Ntau tus neeg ntseeg tias cov lus hais lus yog ib qho kev hais lus. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm ib tug txawj sau ntawv, cov lus uas tsis yog sau ntawv yuav pab tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws kev piav qhia ntawm cov cim, tab sis kuj ua rau ib tug stylistic recognizable ib puag ncig. Tus qauv rau qhov no yog lub tswv yim ua hauj lwm ntawm M. Zoshchenko, uas txawj parodied petty-bourgeois psychology thiab lub neej, "interspersing" tsis xis nyob rau hauv cov kev sib tham ntawm cov cim.
Cov lus zoo li cas hauv nws phau ntawv? Cov piv txwv ntawm M. Zoshchenko tus kws tshaj lij yog qhov zoo heev. Qhov noib tug txawj sau ntawv sau li nram no:
Kuv hais:
- Puas yog lub sijhawm peb mus ua yeeb yam? Lawv hu, tej zaum.
Thiab nws hais tias:
- Tsis yog.
Thiab muab ncuav mog qab zib thib peb.
Kuv hais:
- Ntawm plab khoob - tsis yog ntau? Tej zaum yuav nplawm.
Thiab nws:
- Tsis yog nws hais, peb tau siv nws.
Thiab plaub yuav siv.
Nov ntshav ntaus kuv taub hau.
- Puag, kuv hais, rov qab!
Thiab nws ntshai. Nws qhib nws lub qhov ncauj, thiab ib tug hniav gleamed nyob rau hauv nws lub qhov ncauj.
Thiab zoo li lub reins tau txais hauv qab kuv tus Tsov tus tw. Txawm li cas los xij, kuv xav tias tam sim no tsis txhob taug kev nrog nws.
- Puag, - Kuv hais, - rau ntuj txiag teb tsaus! (Zaj dab neeg "The Aristocrat")
Nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm no, cov nyhuv comic tau ua tiav tsis yog vim muaj ntau cov lus qhia thiab cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis kuj yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov lus no sawv tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm "zoo heev" cov ntawv nyeem: "noj ncuav qab zib" thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev puas siab puas ntsws portrait ntawm ib tug neeg kawm tsis zoo, tus neeg lub siab nqaim raug tsim, siv zog ua kom pom kev txawj ntse. Nws yog nws leej twg yog tus classic hero ntawm Zoshchenko.
Vajtswv hom lus
Thiab cov lus hais lus-lus yog dab tsi? Thaum kawm txog lub nroog vernacular, ntau tus neeg nug cov lus nug txog nws cov lus hauv zos uas cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov lus: hais txog qhov txwv tsis pub ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib lub nroog tshwj xeeb ua rau nws tuaj yeem sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lwm lub nroog, piv txwv li, Tambov, Omsk, Voronezh, Elista, Krasnoyarsk thiab lwm yam.
Cov lus pom zoo ntawm ciam teb ntawm cov lus hais lus thiab lus feem ntau piav qhia los ntawm keeb kwm kev sib txuas ntawm pej xeem cov lus nrog jargon, caj ces yog vim li cas, uas qee zaum tsis raug txheeb xyuas raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm cov txheej txheem kev txom nyem no. hom lus.
Kev txawj ntawm A. I. Solzhenitsyn
Pom zoo, qee zaum kev siv cov lus sib tham ua rau kev ua haujlwm ib qho tshwj xeeb. Kev txawj lus thiab kev xav ntawm AI Solzhenitsyn, cim los ntawm qhov txawv tshaj plaw, nyiam ntau tus neeg paub lus. Thiab tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm qee cov neeg nyeem rau nws yuav tsum tau kawm cov lus thiab cov qauv ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm tus sau no. Piv txwv li, nws zaj dab neeg "Ib Hnub nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Ivan Denisovich" qhia tau hais tias lub sab hauv kev sib koom ua ke thiab zoo ib yam, meej motivation ntawm nws cov piv txwv thiab hais lus muaj pes tsawg leeg, nyob rau hauv uas, raws li Leo Tolstoy tau hais, "ib tug tshwj xeeb kev txiav txim ntawm tsuas yog cov lus" tshwm., uas yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm tiag artistry.
tseem ceeb nuance
Cov lus hais lus tseem ceeb heev rau Solzhenitsyn. Muaj "kev tso siab" tus sau txoj haujlwm rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, ua rau nws ua tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb ntawm nws zaj dab neeg, tus kws sau ntawv tau tswj hwm los tsim ib qho kev ntsuas tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig thiab hais lus piav qhia ntawm nws cov lus, uas tau txiav txim siab tsis suav rau txhua qhov tam sim no sau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev rov qab mus rau cov lus qhia. hackneyed Tshuag ntawm "neeg" hais lus cim uas taug kev los ntawm phau ntawv mus rau phau ntawv (xws li "nadys", "tus tub txib", "darling", "zoo li-squint" thiab lwm yam).
Rau qhov feem ntau, qhov kev piav qhia ntawm hom lus no tseem tsis tau tsimua tsaug rau cov lus ("mus deb", "tej", "chalabuda", "gunny"), thiab vim hais tias ntawm lo lus tsim: "Kuv yuav tsis", "nedotyka", "chaw nyob", "txaus siab", "ntev heev". Txoj kev no ntawm kev txuas cov lus qhia rau kev hais lus kos duab kos duab, raws li txoj cai, ua rau muaj kev pom zoo los ntawm cov neeg thuam, vim nws rov ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov duab thiab cov lus.
lus nrov
Thiab cov lus hais lus siv li cas hauv kev hais lus? Hauv kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg peasantry niaj hnub no, cov lus hais thiab cov lus pej xeem feem ntau yog xyaum sib cais los ntawm ib leeg. Thiab ua li ntawd, cia peb hais, cov lus zoo li "shitty", "self-indulgence", "spirited", "catch up", rov qab mus rau ib qho lus tshwj xeeb thiab pom tau meej vim li no, los yog lawv siv hauv lawv qhov tsis yog. -literary zog - rau kev hais lus ntsuam xyuas ntawm Ivan Denisovich tsis muaj teeb meem. Qhov tseem ceeb yog tias nrog kev pab ntawm ob qho tib si thawj thiab thib ob, tus hero txoj kev sib tham tau txais qhov tsim nyog stylistic thiab xim xim.
Peb hnov kev lom zem lom zem, muaj kev lom zem, pub dawb los ntawm cov qauv uas tau yooj yim qiv hauv ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tsis ntev los no, kev xav hauv zej zog. Solzhenitsyn paub nws zoo heev thiab rhiab khaws cov xim tshiab tsis tseem ceeb hauv nws.
Yuav ua li cas lwm tus yog lo lus sib tham? Piv txwv ntawm nws daim ntawv thov yog qhov kawg. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias Shukhov siv cov lus qhia "kom lav" hauv ib qho tshiab "kev ua si nawv thiab kev tsim khoom" lub ntsiab lus - kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kev txiav txim siab, los tiv thaiv: "Shukhov … haus luam yeeb, thiab nrog qhov thib ob los ntawm hauv qabinsured, thiaj li tsis poob."
Los yog kev cog lus siv ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus qhia "muaj", uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv pej xeem cov lus tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no: "Ib tug coj stencils los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, thiab txij thaum ntawd los nws tau ploj mus, thiab ntau dua. thiab ntau cov dyes raug ntaus: lawv tsis nyob qhov twg, lawv tsis ua haujlwm nyob qhov twg… ".
Kev paub ntawm pej xeem cov lus qhia tau muab Solzhenitsyn ob qho tib si kev ua neej nyuaj, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, kev txaus siab ntawm tus tswv, uas ua rau nws tsis yog xav txog xwb, tab sis kuj tseem kawm tshwj xeeb hauv Lavxias.
