Department Golden algae (koj yuav pom cov duab, yam ntxwv thiab cov lus piav qhia ntawm tus kheej hom hauv kab lus no) paub, tej zaum, tsuas yog rau cov kws kho tsiaj xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov neeg sawv cev ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov xwm txheej. Golden algae yog ib qho ntawm cov pab pawg qub ntawm algae. Lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv yog thawj cov kab mob amoeboid. Golden algae zoo ib yam li daj-ntsuab, diatoms thiab ib nrab xim av algae nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib pawg pigments, muaj silicon nyob rau hauv cell membranes, thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm reserves. Muaj laj thawj ntseeg tias lawv yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm diatoms. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev xav no tsis tuaj yeem suav tias muaj pov thawj tag nrho.
Department Golden algae: cov yam ntxwv dav dav
Cov nroj tsuag uas peb xav tau yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv morphological tseem ceeb. Golden algae (lawv daim duab tau nthuav tawm saum toj no) yog ob qho tib si unicellular thiab multicellular, colonial. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov golden algae muaj ib tug heev peculiar neeg sawv cev. Nws multinucleated thallus yog liab qab plasmodium. Yog li, golden algae muaj ntau haiv neeg.
Cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb ntawm cov kab mob no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj ntau tus naj npawb ntawm flagella. Lawv tus lej nyob ntawm hom. Feem ntau muaj ob, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qee hom golden algae muaj peb flagella. Qhov thib peb, motionless, nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Nws yog hu ua gantonema thiab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv thaum kawg. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm gantonema yog tias nrog nws txoj kev pab lub cell txuas mus rau lub substrate.
Xov xwm
Golden algae yog ib chav haujlwm uas suav nrog ntau hom kab mob microscopic. Lawv cov chloroplasts feem ntau yog xim daj daj. Ntawm cov pigments, chlorophyll A yuav tsum tau sau tseg. Tsis tas li ntawd, chlorophyll E tau pom, nrog rau ntau cov carotenoids, suav nrog carotene thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm xanthophylls, feem ntau golden fucoxanthin. Cov xim ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb tej zaum yuav muaj ntau ntxoov, nyob ntawm seb lub predominance ntawm ib tug los yog lwm yam ntawm cov pigments. Nws tuaj yeem yog los ntawm ntsuab-xim av thiab ntsuab-daj mus rau ntshiab golden daj.
Lub ntsiab lus thiab kev tsim tawm
Golden algae, uas nws hom muaj ntau, yog cov kab mob phototrophic. Lawv qhov tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom tsim thawj hauv cov reservoirs. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau koom nrog cov khoom noj ntawm ntau yam hydrobionts, nrog rau cov ntses, golden algae. Lawv hom txhim kho cov roj hluav taws xob ntawm ntau lub reservoirs uas lawv loj hlob. Lawv kuj tsim sapropel deposits.
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Golden algae yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim tawm ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev nrog kev pab ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm tes yooj yim, nrog rau kev pab cuam ntawm kev lwj.multicellular thallus los yog colonies rau hauv nyias qhov chaw. Cov kws tshawb fawb kuj paub txog cov txheej txheem kev sib deev, uas yog ib qho autogamy, hologamy lossis isogamy. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem kev tsim tawm, cov kab mob endogenous siliceous tshwm sim, sib txawv raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov duab puab ntawm lawv lub plhaub. Cov hlwv no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - lawv pab cov algae muaj sia nyob tsis zoo.
Kev loj hlob ntawm golden algae
Golden algae raug faib thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau lawv loj hlob hauv temperate latitudes. Cov nroj tsuag no feem ntau nyob hauv cov dej huv huv. Golden algae yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm sphagnum bogs nrog acidic dej. Ib qho me me ntawm cov kab mob no nyob hauv cov pas dej ntsev thiab hiav txwv. Lawv tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv cov dej tsis huv. Raws li cov av, tsuas yog ob peb hom nyob hauv lawv.
Lub tuam tsev Golden algae suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau chav kawm. Hauv qab no peb piav qhia qee qhov luv luv.
YClass Chrysocapsaceae
Nws cov neeg sawv cev yog qhov txawv ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug complex thallus, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug mucous qauv. Chrysocapsaceae muaj xws li cov ntawv colonial, tsis-motile, passively ntab los yog txuas. Cov hlwb ntawm cov kab mob no tsis muaj flagella lossis superficial protrusions. Lawv koom ua ke rau hauv ib qho tag nrho los ntawm cov hnoos qeev ntawm cov cheeb tsam, feem ntau nyob hauv nws cov txheej txheem peripheral, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem nyob hauv nruab nrab.
YClass Chrysotricaceae
chav kawm no suav nroggolden algae muaj ib tug lamellar, filamentous thiab multifilamentous qauv. Tag nrho cov kab mob no yog multicellular, feem ntau benthic, txuas. Lawv cov thallus yog sawv cev los ntawm ceg los yog yooj yim, ib leeg los yog ntau kab filaments, disc-shaped parenchymal daim hlau los yog bushes. Lawv tsis muab tso rau hauv cov hnoos qeev.
chav kawm no suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv dej tshiab, tsis tshua muaj dej hiav txwv thiab dej khov. Chrysotrichaceae yog cov kab mob loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov algae golden. Nws cov neeg sawv cev zoo ib yam li cov ulothrix, koom nrog lub tuam tsev ntawm Green algae, nrog rau cov heterotrix, teej tug mus rau lub department ntawm Yellow-ntsuab algae. Qee yam ntawm Chrysotriaceae zoo li qee qhov yooj yim xim av algae.
Chrysosphere chav kawm
chav kawm no suav nrog cov algae golden, uas nws lub cev qauv yog coccoid. Cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob no yog them nrog cellulose membrane. Tourniquets thiab rhizopodia tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm no. Cov nroj tsuag no yog unicellular, tsis-motile. Tsawg dua yog cov ntawv colonial, uas yog pawg ntawm cov hlwb uas txuas nrog ib leeg thiab tsis nkag rau hauv ib qho hnoos qeev. Lawv tsis tsim daim hlau lossis filaments thaum lawv rov tsim dua.
Class Chrysophycea
Chav kawm no muab cov algae golden nrog ntau hom thallus koom haum. Nws yog nws cov cuab yeej uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus txib hauv qab no txawv hauv chav kawm no:rhizochrysidal (muaj cov qauv rhizopodial), chrysomonadal (modal forms), chrysocapsal (palmelloid forms), feotamnial (filamentous), thiab chrysosphere (coccoid forms). Peb caw koj kom paub txog cov kev txiav txim ntawm tus kheej ntawm chav kawm no.
Chrysomonadal (lwm yam - chromulinal)
Qhov no yog qhov kev txiav txim dav dav tshaj plaws, koom ua ke golden algae nrog cov qauv monadic, ob qho tib si colonial thiab unicellular. Lub taxonomy ntawm chrysomonads yog nyob ntawm tus qauv thiab tus naj npawb ntawm flagella. Qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb yog qhov ntawm lawv cov xov tooj ntawm tes. Muaj cov ntawv ib leeg thiab ob npaug ntawm flagella. Yav tas los, nws tau ntseeg tias thawj cov yog cov qub tshaj plaws, cov thawj zaug. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob tau pab cov kws tshawb fawb los tshawb pom tias cov ntaub ntawv uniflagellar muaj qhov thib ob ntawm tus chij ntawm qhov me me. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tawm tswv yim tias biflagellated chrysomonads nrog heteromorphic thiab heterocont flagella tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw, thiab cov ntawv ib leeg-flagellated tshwm sim los ntawm kev txo qis tom ntej ntawm flagellum luv.
Raws li lub xovtooj npog ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chrysomonadal, lawv txawv. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv liab qab, hnav tshwj xeeb nrog plasmalemma. Cells ntawm lwm hom yog nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb cellulose tsev. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm plasmalemma ntawm qhov thib peb yog lub npog uas muaj cov nplais silicified.
Nrog kev pab ntawm cell faib, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm chrysomonads yog nqa tawm. Qee hom kuj muaj kev sib deev.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias chrysomonads feem ntau yog cov kab mob dej tshiab. Feem ntau lawv nyob hauv cov dej ntshiab. chrysomonadsFeem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv lub caij txias, nyob rau hauv lig Autumn thiab thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Qee cov kab mob nyob hauv qab dej khov thaum lub caij ntuj no. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom, qhov kub ntawm cov dej tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lawv. Nws tsuas muaj lub ntsiab lus tsis ncaj. Cov chemistry ntawm cov dej yog qhov txiav txim siab. Nws hloov pauv txhua xyoo: thaum lub caij txias, cov dej muaj nitrogen thiab hlau ntau dua vim tias tsis muaj lwm cov nroj tsuag. Feem ntau chrysomonads nyob hauv plankton. Lawv muaj kev hloov kho tshwj xeeb rau kev ua neej nyob planktonic. Qee cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chrysomonads xim dej xim av, ua rau nws "bloom".
Peb caw nej los nrog peb paub txog Ochromonas tsev neeg, uas nyob rau hauv chav kawm no.
Ochromonas tsev neeg
Peb tseem xav txog lub tuam tsev ntawm Golden algae. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg Ochromonas - ntau hom liab qab. Lawv cov hlwb tsuas yog them los ntawm cytoplasmic membrane uas muaj ib lossis ob lub flagella (tsis sib npaug).
Chode Ochromonas
Algae ntawm cov genus no feem ntau nyob hauv neuston lossis dej tshiab plankton. Lawv tsis tshua pom muaj nyob hauv cov dej khov. Cov genus no yog sawv cev los ntawm tib lub hlwb uas muaj ob lub heteromorphic thiab heterocont flagella. Ochromonas yog ib lub cell liab qab, hnav sab nraud tsuas yog nrog lub cytoplasmic membrane. Lub cytoskeleton, muaj cov microtubules nyob rau hauv peripheral, tswj nws cov duab teardrop. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm xws li ib tug cell muaj ib tug cell nucleus. Nws yog ib puag ncig los ntawm ib daim nyias nyias uas muaj ob daim nyias nyias.
Lamellar chromatophores (muaj ob ntawm lawv) yog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txuas ntxiv uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm lub hnab ntawv nuclear. Lawv ultrastructure yog ib yam ntawm lub department uas lawv koom. Ib lub vacuole loj, ua ke nrog chrysolaminin, nyob hauv qab ntawm lub cell. Mitochondria yog tawg nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm xws li ib tug cell. Flagella txuas ntxiv los ntawm nws qhov kawg. Muaj ob tug, lawv tsis ntev tib yam.
G. Buck tau kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm mastigonemes thiab cov qauv zoo ntawm Ochromonas danica (golden algae). Cov duab nrog cov npe pab kom pom qee yam kab mob. Hauv daim duab saum toj no - Ochromonas danica algae. Hom no yog qhov yooj yim rau kev txiav txim siab qhov kev loj hlob ntawm mastigonemes. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws cov hlwb muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav - lawv yooj yim poob lawv cov flagella, tom qab uas lawv tsim lawv dua. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tshuaj xyuas cov khoom ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev rov tsim dua tshiab ntawm lawv cov flagellar apparatus.
Rod Mallomonas
Nws cov neeg sawv cev feem ntau nyob hauv cov dej tshiab plankton. Cov genus no yog cov nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm hom. Cov hlwb ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev txawv ntawm cov duab. Lawv npog nrog nplai nrog bristles los yog silicified nplai. Mallomonas caudata (daim duab saum toj no) yog ib hom loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv no genus. Lub ultrastructure ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm setae, nplai, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm tes, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv tsim, tso tawm, thiab tom qab tso tawm ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes, tau piav qhia meej rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb txog hom no tseem muajtsawg tsawg.
Cia peb tham luv luv txog tus chij ntawm xws li tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Mallomonas genus li M. caudata. Nws muaj ob tug ntawm lawv, tab sis ib tug yog distinguishable tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub optical microscope. Cov flagellum no muaj cov qauv qub. Nws dais 2 kab ntawm cov plaub hau mastigonemes. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb microscope, tus flagellum thib ob yog qhov tsis paub, uas protrudes luv luv ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Ib daim npog qhov nplai zais nws.
Rod Sinura
Cov genus no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ellipsoidal lossis spherical colonies uas muaj pear-puab hlwb. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub colony, lawv txuas nrog lawv posterior kawg, tej zaum ntev heev. Los ntawm cytoplasmic membrane sab nraum lub hlwb yog hnav nrog silicified nplai. Cov nplai no yog muab kauv txheej, lawv sib tshooj sib tshooj hauv cov qauv pobzeb. Lub ultrastructure thiab cov duab ntawm cov nplai, zoo li cov Mallomonas, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm taxonomic. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg sawv cev xws li S. sphagnicola (daim duab saum toj no), lub basal phaj kuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug transverse seem yog tiaj tus, uas yog, nws muaj tib lub thickness. Me me perforations permeate nws. Lub apical thickened ntug yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub anterior margin. Lub basal npoo yog nkhaus. Nws nyob ib puag ncig lub phaj basal, tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo li staple hauv no golden algae. Nws cov neeg sawv cev muaj lub hollow spikes, khoov sab nraud. Nws txuas ntawm qee qhov kev ncua deb ntawm sab pem hauv ntej ntawm lub phaj. Lub sijhawm nyob ntawm nws lub hauv paus.
Raws li lwm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub tuam tsev zoo li Goldenalgae, cov qauv ntawm lawv cov nplai yog me ntsis nyuaj. Qhov no siv tshwj xeeb rau S. petersonii. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm finely perforated basal phaj, hom no muaj ib tug nruab nrab crest (hollow). Nws yog apical, obtuse los yog taw tes. Nws qhov kawg tuaj yeem txuas mus dhau ntawm ntug ntug ntawm lub nplai, yog li ua raws li qhov dav dav. Ib tug loj pore nyob rau hauv lub medial crest, nyob rau hauv nws anterior ib feem. Qhov kawg ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog nkhaus nyob rau hauv ib tug horseshoe duab. Nws dai saum nws lub cev. Lub posterior thiab anterior scales uas npog lub cell lub cev muaj transverse tav uas tawm los ntawm nruab nrab crest. Ntxiv nrog rau cov transverse sawv daws yuav, nruab nrab sawv daws yuav kuj muaj longitudinal tav. Ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes, qhov ntsuas tsis nyob tiaj tus, tab sis pom meej txuas tsuas yog los ntawm qhov kawg rov qab rau tus txha nraub qaum. Hauv S. sphagnicola (daim duab saum toj no), lub cev nplai profiles kuj tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cytoplasmic vesicles, feem ntau nyob ze rau sab nrauv ntawm chloroplast, txawm hais tias lawv tuaj yeem pom ntawm nws thiab vesicles nrog chrysolaminin.
Coc-colitophorid pawg
Golden algae, hom thiab npe ntawm peb kawm, muaj ntau heev. Ntawm lawv, ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb sawv tawm - coc-colitophorid. Nws cov neeg sawv cev muaj lawv tus yam ntxwv. Lawv cov pellicle yog ib puag ncig sab nraud los ntawm ib txheej ntxiv ntawm coccoliths (lub thiaj li hu ua rounded calcareous lub cev). Lawv nyob rau hauv cov kua tsib secreted los ntawm protoplast.
Class Haptophyceous
chav kawm no yog qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb monad, uas muaj haptonema, ntxiv rau flagella. Cov chav kawm no suav nrog peb qhov kev txiav txim. Xav txog ib qho ntawm lawv.
Primiesial order
Nws feem ntau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ob isomorphic thiab isocont flagella, nrog rau ntev haptoneme. Lub cell nto sab nraum lub plasmalemma yog them nrog non-mineralized organic scales los yog coccolith (calcareous) lub cev, uas ua ke tsim ib coccosphere nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cell.
Ib tsev neeg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no yog Prymnesiaceae. Ob qho tib si hauv dej tshiab thiab hauv hiav txwv, cov genus Chrysochromulin ntsig txog nws yog sawv cev. Oval lossis spherical hlwb nrog ob tus flagella ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov ntev, nrog rau lub haptonema, yog npog sab nraum lub cytoplasmic daim nyias nyias uas tsis yog-mineralized organic scale. Cov tom kawg yog feem ntau ntawm ob hom. Lawv txawv ntawm cov duab lossis qhov loj.
Piv txwv li, Chrysochromulina birgeri muaj ob hom nplai uas npog nws lub cev. Lawv txawv ntawm qhov loj me xwb. Cov nplai no muaj cov phaj oval, cov qauv uas yog sawv cev los ntawm radial ridges. Kuj tseem muaj ob lub hauv paus protrusions, nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm horns. Lub cell nto nyob rau hauv lwm hom yog them nrog nplai, uas txawv ntau los yog tsawg sharply morphologically. Piv txwv li, tiaj tus, sib npaug sab hauv nplai hauv Ch. cyanophora muaj nyias concentric ridges. Lawv sib tshooj ib leeg, tsim ib daim ntaub nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cell. Feem ntau lawv tau muab zais los ntawm ntau lub cylindrical nplai nyob rau sab nraud.
Ch. megacyiindra yog lub tog raj kheej thiab daim hlau. Cov cylinders tau muab faib kom sib npaug ntawm lub tawb. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog txuas mus rau nws basal phaj nyob rau hauv qis kawg. Lateral sab ntawm cov thooj voos kheej kheej yuav luag kov ib leeg. Hauv qab lawv yog cov nplais tiaj tus nrog cov rims, tsim ntau txheej.
Peb hom ntsuas tau pom hauv Ch. chiton. Lawv qhov chaw yog cov yam ntxwv: rau lub loj uas tsis muaj ib tug ntug nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug loj ib tug ntug. Qhov khoob ntawm lawv muaj cov nplai me tshaj plaws.
Zoo kawg, cia peb luv luv los xav txog ib tsev neeg ntxiv.
Family Coccolithophoridae
Nws feem ntau suav nrog cov tsiaj hiav txwv. Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog hymenomonas, ib hom dej tshiab. Lub monad hlwb ntawm tsev neeg no muaj ob hom flagella zoo tib yam. Lawv haptonema feem ntau yog pom zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm coccolithophorids, nws yog pom tseeb txo. Piv txwv li, nws tsis pom nyob rau hauv H. coronate.
Cov hlwb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg no tsis txawv ntawm lawv cov qauv los ntawm cov hlwb ntawm lwm cov haptophytes. Lawv muaj cov nucleus, nrog rau chloroplasts, uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm endoplasmic reticulum. Lawv muaj peb-thylakoid lamellae, thaum tsis muaj lamella nyob ib puag ncig. Lub cell kuj muaj ib tug pyrenoid. Paired thylakoids hla nws. Tseem muaj mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, thiab lwm yam. Raws li rau lub cell cover, nws yog nyob rau sab nraum lub cytoplasmic membrane. Coccoliths yog cov nplai impregnated nrog carbonate, uas nws yog tsim. Cov coccoliths ua ke tsim ib coccosphere nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cell. Qee cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov nplai uas tsis yog-mineralized ntxiv rau lawv.
Coccoliths thiab chalk
Keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv chalk, paub rau peb txhua tus, yog qhov nthuav heev. Thaum xav txog hauv qabNyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntsuas, yog tias daim duab tsis loj heev, lub plhaub ntawm foraminifers feem ntau tawm tsam rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov kev nthuav dav dua, muaj ntau daim phiaj pob tshab ntawm cov hauv paus chiv keeb sib txawv. Lawv tus nqi tsis tshaj 10 µm. Nws yog cov phaj no uas yog coccoliths, uas yog cov khoom ntawm lub plhaub ntawm coccolithophorid algae. Kev siv lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los tsim cov coccoliths thiab lawv cov khoom tawg ua rau 95% ntawm Cretaceous pob zeb. Cov qauv nthuav dav tam sim no tau kawm los ntawm qhov pom ntawm ultrastructure. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab lawv cov noob caj noob ces.
Yog li, peb luv luv tshuaj xyuas lub tuam tsev ntawm Golden algae. Cov chav kawm thiab ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm nws tau ua los ntawm peb. Tau kawg, peb tsuas yog tham txog qee yam ntawm cov tsiaj, tab sis qhov no txaus kom tau txais lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug: "Golden algae - nws yog dab tsi?"
