Austrian Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Lag Luam: cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb, keeb kwm kev loj hlob thiab lub xeev tam sim no

Cov txheej txheem:

Austrian Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Lag Luam: cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb, keeb kwm kev loj hlob thiab lub xeev tam sim no
Austrian Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Lag Luam: cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb, keeb kwm kev loj hlob thiab lub xeev tam sim no
Anonim

Austrian kev lag luam, kev ua lag luam thiab kev muaj tswv yim ua lag luam - tag nrho cov no yog qhov ntxim nyiam kawg rau cov neeg ywj pheej niaj hnub thiab qee cov neoliberals. Lub tsev kawm ntawv nws tus kheej tau tshwm sim hauv Vienna thaum xyoo 19th thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Carl Menger, Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog tus txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm Prussian keeb kwm tsev kawm ntawv (hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb hu ua Methodist Street).

Cov kws lag luam niaj hnub ua haujlwm hauv cov kab ke no nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws, tab sis lawv lub tsev kawm tseem hu ua Austrian. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, peb tshuav Austrian tsev kawm ntawv ntawm economics xws li theoretical lub tswv yim raws li lub subjective txoj kev xav ntawm tus nqi, marginalism, pricing txoj kev xav thiab cov formulation ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Txhua qhov kev txhim kho no tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog nyiaj txiag niaj hnub no, thaum tag nrho lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm AES tau sib tw hnyav hauv kev kawm.

Image
Image

Kev thuam ntawm Austrian Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Lag Luam

Txij li thaum nruab nrab xyoo pua 20th, cov kws lag luam loj tau thuam lub tsev kawm ntawv Austrian thiabntseeg tias nws qhov kev tsis lees paub txog kev ua lej ua lej, econometrics thiab macroeconomic tsom xam yog dhau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau lees paub hauv qhov kev qhuab qhia no. Txawm hais tias suav tias yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees txij li xyoo 1930s lig, Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Austrian tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab tshiab rau xyoo 1970, tom qab Friedrich Hayek yeej 1974 Nobel nqi zog hauv Kev Lag Luam, thiab tseem tom qab 2008 ntiaj teb kev kub ntxhov nyiaj txiag.

Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm AES
Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm AES

Lub tsev kawm ntawv Austrian tshuav nws lub npe rau German economists uas tawm tsam Austrian, thuam lawv cov txheej txheem (kawg xyoo 19th). Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg Austrian tau tawm tswv yim lub luag haujlwm ntawm txoj kev xav hauv kev lag luam, sib piv rau cov neeg German, uas tau txiav txim siab ntau yam xwm txheej keeb kwm los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam.

Hauv xyoo 1883, Menger tau luam tawm "Kev Kawm hauv Txoj Kev ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb, nrog rau Kev Pom Zoo rau Kev Lag Luam," uas nws tau thuam lub tsev kawm keeb kwm yav dhau los. Gustav von Schmoller, tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev kawm keeb kwm, tau teb rau qhov kev thuam no nrog kev tshuaj xyuas tsis zoo, uas nws tau qhia lub ntsiab lus "Austrian tsev kawm ntawv" hauv kev sim ua tus cwj pwm Menger cov neeg ua haujlwm raws li cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cov xeev. Daim ntawv lo tiv taus thiab tau txais los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog lawv tus kheej.

History

Lub tsev kawm ntawv pib hauv Vienna, lub peev ntawm Austrian Empire. Karl Menger's 1871 txoj haujlwm "Lub Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Lag Luam" feem ntau suav hais tias yog qhov pib ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm Austrian tsev kawm ntawv kev lag luam. Phau ntawv yog ib qho ntawm thawj cov kev kho mob niaj hnub los txhawb txoj kev xav ntawm kev siv nyiaj txiag.

Lub AES yog ib qho ntawm peb qhov kev tsim tam sim no ntawm marginalist kiv puag ncig ntawm xyoo 1870s, thiab nws txoj kev koom tes tseem ceeb yog los qhia txog kev xav txog kev lag luam. Txawm hais tias marginalism yog ib qho tseem ceeb tam sim no, thawj zaug nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam tau tshwm sim uas sib koom cov kev xav tsis zoo thiab koom ua ke ntawm Menger cov tswv yim. Sij hawm dhau mus, nws tau dhau los ua lub npe hu ua Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Psychology, Lub Tsev Kawm Viennese, lossis Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Austrian.

Mises nrog ib tug npoj yaig
Mises nrog ib tug npoj yaig

Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Tseem Ceeb

Menger qhov kev pab cuam rau kev lag luam txoj kev xav yog ze rau cov duab ntawm Eugen Böhm von Bawerk thiab Friedrich von Wieser. Peb tus kws tshaj lij nyiaj txiag no tau dhau los ua qhov hu ua thawj nthwv dej ntawm Austrian tsev kawm ntawv kev lag luam. Böhm-Bawerk tau sau cov ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm Karl Marx nyob rau xyoo 1880s thiab 1890s, uas yog suav tias yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov tsoos "Austrian" nres ntawm Hegelian cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub tsev kawm keeb kwm.

Frank Albert Vetter (1863-1949) yog tus sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm "Austrian kev xav" hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Nws tau txais nws Ph. D. hauv 1894 los ntawm University of Halle thiab tom qab ntawd los ua tus xibfwb ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag ntawm Cornell hauv 1901. Ob peb tus kws tshawb fawb Austrian tseem ceeb tau kawm hauv University of Vienna hauv xyoo 1920 thiab tom qab ntawd tau koom nrog kev sib tham ntiag tug qhia los ntawm Ludwig von Mises. Ntawm lawv yog Gottfried Haberler, Friedrich Hayek, Fritz Machlup, Karl Menger Jr. (tus tub ntawm Karl Menger), Oskar Morgenstern, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan thiab Abraham Wald.

Austrian economists
Austrian economists

Los ntawm nruab nrab-1930s, cov kws lag luam feem ntau tau txais ntau lub tswv yim ntawm "Austrians" thaum ntxov. Fritz Machlup tau zoo siab hais tias Hayek tau hais tias "qhov kev vam meej tshaj plaws ntawm peb lub tsev kawm ntawv yog qhov nws maj mam tso tseg, vim nws cov tswv yim tseem ceeb tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm kev xav txog kev lag luam loj."

Ib zaug, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-20th caug xyoo, Austrian kev lag luam tsis quav ntsej lossis thuam los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb vim nws tsis lees paub cov qauv, lej thiab kev txheeb cais hauv kev kawm txog kev lag luam. Mises cov tub ntxhais kawm Israel Kirzner nco qab tias xyoo 1954, thaum nws sau nws daim ntawv thesis Ph. D, tsis muaj tsev kawm Austrian cais. Thaum Kirzner tab tom txiav txim siab seb lub tsev kawm ntawv twg yuav kawm tiav, Mises tau qhia nws kom lees txais kev koom nrog Johns Hopkins vim tias nws yog ib lub tsev kawm qib siab uas nws nyiam Fritz Machlup mus kawm.

Kev txhim kho ntxiv

Tom qab xyoo 1940, Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Austrian ntawm Kev Lag Luam tau faib ua ob lub tsev kawm ntawv kev xav txog kev lag luam, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nws tau faib tag nrho. Ib lub chaw pw hav zoov ntawm Austrian, ua piv txwv los ntawm Mises, suav tias yog txoj hauv kev neoclassical qhov tsis tsim nyog yuam kev, thaum lwm lub chaw pw hav zoov, ua piv txwv los ntawm Friedrich Hayek, lees txais ntau cov txheej txheem neoclassical thiab, ntxiv rau, lees txais tsoomfwv kev cuam tshuam hauv kev lag luam. Henry Hazlitt tau sau cov kab lus nyiaj txiag thiab cov ntawv kho rau ntau qhov kev tshaj tawm, nrog rau ntau phau ntawv hais txog kev lag luam Austrian txij li thaum1930s txog 1980s. Mises cuam tshuam Hazlitt txoj kev xav. Nws phau ntawv Kev Lag Luam Hauv Ib Zaj Lus Qhia (1946) tau muag ntau dua ib lab luam, thiab lwm yam haujlwm tseem ceeb los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb nyiaj txiag yog The Failure of the New Economics (1959), ib qho kev thuam ntawm John Maynard Keynes txoj kev xav dav dav.

Murray Rothbard
Murray Rothbard

Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Austrian lub koob npe nrov tau loj hlob nyob rau lub xyoo pua 20th, ua tsaug rau ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Israel Kirzner thiab Ludwig Lachmann ntawm New York University thiab rov ua rau pej xeem paub txog Hayek txoj haujlwm tom qab nws yeej xyoo 1974 Nobel nqi zog hauv Kev Lag Luam. Hayek txoj haujlwm tau muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev txhawb nqa kev xav laissez-faire nyob rau xyoo pua 20.

Kev thuam ntawm kev sib cais

Tus Kws Lij Choj Leland Yeager tau tham txog qhov kev sib cais thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thiab xa mus rau cov ntawv sau los ntawm Murray Rothbard, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Joseph Salerno thiab lwm tus uas lawv tawm tsam thiab ua rau Hayek txaj muag. Yeager tau hais tias: "Kev sim tsav lub voj voog ntawm Mises thiab Hayek (lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev paub hauv kev suav nyiaj txiag), thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev txaj muag ntawm yav tas los, tsis ncaj ncees rau ob tus neeg zoo."

Link to libertarianism

Hauv phau ntawv xyoo 1999 uas luam tawm los ntawm Ludwig von Mises Institute (Mises Institute), Hoppe tau sib cav tias Rothbard yog tus thawj coj ntawm "kev tswj hwm hauv Austrian kev lag luam" thiab sib piv Rothbard nrog tus Nobel laureate Friedrich Hayek, uas nws hu ua British empiricist thiab tus yeeb ncuab ntawm kev xav Mises thiab Rothbard. Hoppe tau lees paub tias Hayek yog tus kws tshaj lij Austrian kev lag luam nto moo tshaj plaws hauv kev kawm, tab sis hais tiasHayek tau tawm tsam Austrian kev lig kev cai uas mus los ntawm Karl Menger thiab Böhm-Bawerk los ntawm Mises mus rau Rothbard.

Austrian economist W alter Block hais tias lub tsev kawm ntawv Austrian tuaj yeem txawv ntawm lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev xav txog kev lag luam vim muaj ob yam - kev lag luam thiab kev nom kev tswv. Raws li Block, thaum Hayek feem ntau tuaj yeem suav tias yog "Austrian" economist, nws cov kev xav ntawm kev xav txog kev nom kev tswv yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov kev xav ntawm kev ywj pheej uas Block pom tias yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm AES. Txoj kev xav txog nyiaj txiag ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Austrian hauv qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau rov qab mus rau keeb kwm yav dhau los, muab txoj hauv kev rau kev nom kev tswv.

Chij ntawm cov ntseeg hauv AES
Chij ntawm cov ntseeg hauv AES

Hais tias kev ywj pheej txoj kev xav yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm AES, thiab ntseeg tias Hayek tsis yog tus neeg muaj kev ywj pheej, Block unwittingly cais tawm ntawm Austrian lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab nws tus tsim, Carl Menger, vim hais tias nws zoo nkaus li ua pov thawj rau kev cuam tshuam hauv lub xeev ntau dua. Hayek txhais li cas. Piv txwv li, Menger tau txais kev txhawb nqa kev sau se thiab kev ua haujlwm dav dav. Yog li, cov lus xaus hauv qab no yog rau Austrian tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev lag luam:

  1. Kev ywj pheej nyiaj txiag tsis tuaj yeem nyob sib nrug ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm nom tswv.
  2. Lub xeev yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam txog kev lag luam.
  3. Tsoomfwv yuav tsum txiav thiab them se yuav tsum txo.
  4. Cov neeg ua lag luam pub dawb yog lub hauv paus tsav tsheb tom qab cov txheej txheem ua lag luam.
  5. Kev lag luam yuav tsum tswj tus kheej yam tsis muaj neeg sab nraudkev cuam tshuam.

Recognition

Ntau qhov kev xav tau tsim los ntawm Austrian "thawj nthwv dej" cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntev txij li tau nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam tseem ceeb. Cov no suav nrog Carl Menger cov kev xav ntawm qhov khoom siv tsis zoo, Friedrich von Wieser txoj kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm tus nqi, thiab Eugen Böhm von Bawerk cov tswv yim ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm, thiab Menger's thiab Böhm-Bawerk qhov kev thuam ntawm Marxist kev lag luam.

Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Meskas Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Alan Greenspan tau hais tias cov thawjcoj ntawm Austrian Tsev Kawm Ntawv "mus txog deb mus rau yav tom ntej, vim lawv feem ntau muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig thiab, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov neeg lag luam feem ntau xav hauv lub tebchaws no. "".

Hauv xyoo 1987, Nobel laureate James M. Buchanan tau hais rau tus neeg xam phaj, "Kuv tsis xav tias raug hu ua 'Austrian'. Hayek thiab Mises tej zaum yuav xav tias kuv yog "Austrian", tab sis tej zaum lwm tus yuav tsis pom zoo nrog qhov no. Suav tus kws tshawb fawb nyiaj txiag Zhang Weiying txhawb qee qhov "Austrian" txoj kev xav xws li kev ua lag luam tiag tiag.

Libertarian Party ntawm Tebchaws Meskas
Libertarian Party ntawm Tebchaws Meskas

cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam kev lag luam thiab kev nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb

Tam sim no, cov tsev kawm qib siab uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb "Austrian" cuam tshuam muaj thoob plaws ntiaj teb: George Mason University, New York University, Loyola University New Orleans thiab Auburn University hauv Tebchaws Meskas, King Juan Carlos University hauv Spain thiab Francisco University Marroquin hauv Guatemala. Tab sis ntxiv rau lawv, kev tshaj tawm cov tswv yim ntawm AES kujcov koom haum ntiag tug xws li Mises Institute thiab Cato Institute pab txhawb.

Yog tias peb tham txog cov kev paub dhau los ntawm Austrian lub tsev kawm ntawv kev lag luam rau cov neeg Lavxias, peb tuaj yeem nco qab cov neeg ntseeg siab "Austrian" Pavel Usanov, uas qhia hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Kev Lag Luam, lossis yav dhau los Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Lavxias thiab Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws. Nyiaj txiag Yegor Gaidar, uas yog lub npe hu ua tus kiv cua loj ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Mises thiab Hayek.

Economist Pavel Usanov
Economist Pavel Usanov

Kev sib txuas nrog nyiaj txiag

Milton Friedman, tom qab kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tau sau tias zoo li tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev nthuav dav thiab kev cog lus tom ntej ntawm cov voj voog, thiab qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam ntxiv tuaj yeem ua rau tsis ntseeg txog qhov "Austrians" txoj kev xav.. Hais txog Friedman qhov kev thuam ntawm kev ua lag luam txoj kev xav, "Austrian" tus kws tshawb fawb nyiaj txiag Roger Garnison tau sib cav tias Friedman qhov kev tshawb pom pom "yog dav dav nrog ob qho tib si monetarist thiab 'Austrian' views," ntseeg tias txawm hais tias Friedman tus qauv piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam qib siab., Austrian txoj kev xav muaj kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ua lag luam uas yuav ua rau cov kev sib sau ua ke no.

Pom zoo: