Txoj kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv USSR tau suav tias yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Thaum lub sij hawm Soviet Union, cov kev lag luam no tau suav hais tias yog cov thawj coj, vim tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam ncaj qha nyob ntawm lawv. Qhov tseem ceeb ces yog thaj chaw technical thiab natural sciences. Ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb, USSR tau tswj hwm los tsim kom muaj peev xwm tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, suav nrog cov khoom siv thiab sab ntsuj plig, txhim kho kev tsim khoom, kev kho mob, thiab kev sib raug zoo.
Txoj kev hloov nom tswv
Yog tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb hauv USSR, kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm lub xeev tshiab yuav ua tsis tau. Lub Bolsheviks, uas hloov lub monarchical tsarist tsoom fwv, tau ntsib nrog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tam sim ntawd nce qib ntawm kev nyeem ntawv thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm cov pejxeem. Kev kawm tau dhau los ua qhov yuav tsum tau ua, tab sis qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog yog qhov teeb meem tiag tiag rau kev ua raws li cov phiaj xwm. Cov tsim muaj zog thiab txhais tau tias ntawm lub Soviet Union yog nyob zero. Rautsa lub teb chaws los ntawm nws lub hauv caug tom qab lub imperialist stagnation, soj ntsuam, engineers, zaum ntawm tag nrho cov ceg yuav tsum tau. Tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem pab hauv qhov no: Cov tsev kawm ntawv, chaw sim, chaw tshawb fawb tau tsim txhua qhov chaw hauv USSR.
Ib qho kev tawg kuj tseem xav tau hauv kev tiv thaiv. Kev hloov kho cov cuab yeej ua tub rog, txhais cov haujlwm tshiab thiab kev cob qhia cov tub rog xav tau kev paub txog txuj ci thiab siv tau zoo.
Yog peb tham txog tib neeg txoj kev xav, ces nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm science nyob rau hauv lub USSR, lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm materialistic natural science, cov lus qhia ntawm Marx thiab Engels, uas nws cov thwjtim yog cov thawj coj ntawm cov neeg Soviet. Lub sijhawm ntawm Lenin thiab Stalin kav mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Kev nco qab loj ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, thiab kev tawm tsam hauv chav kawm tau lees paub tias yog yuam kev thiab tsis sib haum nrog kev nco qab ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam. Yog li, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv USSR xav tau ib tug radical kho ntawm txhua yam uas tau txais los ntawm Tsarist Russia.
Kev hloov pauv thiab pib ntawm kev nce qib
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv USSR hnub rov qab mus rau thawj lub hlis ntawm Soviet txoj cai. Tom qab ntawd nws tau pom meej rau cov neeg txawj ntse uas cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev coj noj coj ua tau nyob rau theem tshiab ntawm kev txhim kho. Nyob rau hauv Nicholas II, raws li nyob rau hauv nws predecessors, science raug kho raws li ib yam dab tsi theem nrab, philanthropic. Tsuas yog nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm kev sib raug zoo tau ua kev tshawb fawb hauv USSR hauv xyoo 1920 tau txais lub xeev tseem ceeb.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tau txiav txim siab los tsim cov tuam txhab tshawb fawb tsim nyog hauv lub sijhawm luv luv. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm hauv USSR tau nrhiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nrhiav ib qho tshiab thiabnrhiav pom ntawm qhov tsis paub, thaum nyob rau hauv imperial Russia nws txoj hauj lwm yog los ntxiv cov neeg ua haujlwm cia ntawm engineers thiab kws qhia ntawv. Thaum tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom tsim tawm, yog li tsoomfwv Soviet tau muab qhov kev xav tshiab ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv lub xeev.
Tsis pub dhau ob peb xyoos, ib lub koom haum tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau tsim. Thawj yog lub koom haum Moscow Physics, coj los ntawm P. P. Lazarev. Tom qab tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute, coj los ntawm N. E. Zhukovsky thiab S. A. Chaplygin, ces Moscow All-Union Electrotechnical Institute tau qhib. Cov chaw tshawb fawb kev lag luam tau pib tshwm sim hauv cov cheeb tsam loj. Faculties ntawm av science, biology, geology, chemistry tau tsim los ntawm cov koom haum uas twb muaj lawm.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv USSR tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov peev txheej dav dav ntawm lub xeev, uas txaus siab los txhawb kev sib raug zoo nrog kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Txhawm rau ua raws li qhov kev thov ntawm lub xeev, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm kev lag luam. Hauv lwm lo lus, tsoomfwv Soviet tau tswj hwm kev sib koom siab ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam nrog ib lub hom phiaj - kev txhim kho thiab txhawb nqa lub teb chaws, lub siab xav txhim kho kev ua neej nyob ntawm pej xeem.
Academy of Sciences ntawm Soviet Union
Lub koom haum qhib tau dhau los ua ib hom ntawm lub Hoobkas ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tshiab uas tuaj rau cov tsev kawm ua haujlwm, tsev kawm txuj ci, tsev kawm qib siab los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawmcov rooj zaum. Lub monopoly hauv kev tshawb fawb yog Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm USSR. Thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm thawj txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Soviet hwj chim, nws radically hloov nws cov qauv. Nyob rau xyoo 1920, Academy of Sciences tau muab nws txoj kev pab rau tsoomfwv, qhia nws txoj kev npaj los koom nrog ntau yam kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev lag luam, kev lag luam-kev lag luam, lub zog, cartographic, agro-industrial thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Hauv kev teb, Tsoomfwv tau txiav txim siab tias nws yuav tsum tau muab kev pabcuam nyiaj txiag rau kev txhim kho Academy.
Lub tsev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tau npaj ua kom tiav ntau lub hom phiaj. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog tsim ib lub tswv yim rau lub rational tis ntawm kev lag luam nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Soviet Union, tsom mus rau qhov sib thooj ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw nrog tsawg kawg ntawm kev ua hauj lwm kev pab cuam. Ntxiv mus, nws tau npaj los tso cov chaw tsim khoom raws li qib ntawm kev ua cov khoom siv raw.
Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tau suav tias yog qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo ntawm tsoomfwv los tsim kev lag luam loj loj hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam monopoly ntawm ntau cov khoom siv hauv tes ntawm ntau lub koom haum loj. Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv raw yog los ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau them rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam, kev siv hluav taws xob hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Txhawm rau kom tau txais hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nrog tus nqi tsawg heev rau kev rho tawm thiab xa tawm, kev lag luam roj tau zoo (peat, thee) ntawm qib qis tau siv.
Nrog cov peev txheej thiab cov chaw muaj, AcademyKev tshawb fawb tau sau cov ntaub ntawv ethnographic, daim duab qhia chaw ntawm qhov chaw loj deposits ntawm natural resources. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom sau tag nrho cov achievements ntawm science nyob rau hauv lub USSR thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Piv txwv li, ib txoj haujlwm tau tsim los ua kom yooj yim ntawm kev sau cov lus Lavxias, thiab kev hloov kho ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub tau ua tiav. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog lub sijhawm no uas Kursk magnetic anomaly tau tshawb fawb, uas ua rau kev tshawb pom ntawm cov hlau ore deposits, thiab ua tsaug rau txoj kev kawm ntawm Kola Peninsula coj los ntawm Academician AE Fersman, coj mus rau kev tshawb pom ntawm apatite-nepheline deposits..
Cov chaw sim me me thiab cov chav kawm sai sai hloov mus rau hauv lub koom haum ywj pheej thiab cov kws qhia ntawv, uas tau ntsib cov teeb meem tshiab. Lub qub Academy, nco txog lub tsev khaws puav pheej uas nyob hauv qab huab tais, ib qho chaw khaws cia, lub tsev qiv ntawv - txhua yam tab sis Academy, tau hloov mus ua qhov kev tshawb fawb loj.
Kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov kws tshawb fawb
Txawm hais tias muaj kev txaus siab, nyob rau xyoo thaum ntxov ntawm USSR, kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib cais hnyav los ntawm cov xeev peev. Lub Soviet Union tau xyaum txiav tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud. Ob peb phau ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov ntawv xov xwm tau tsim nyob hauv lub tebchaws, thiab kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis tau qeeb. Ib qho ntawm ob peb qhov kev lag luam uas tseem nrov nyob rau lub sijhawm no yog biology.
Kev tshawb fawb hauv USSR hauv 30s tau raug kev txwv hnyav thiab kev tsim txom. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov no yog classical genetics. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg kws tshawb fawb no tau ntsib kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub xeev. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua raws li txoj kev xav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Fab Kis Lamarcktias ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li tus cwj pwm ntawm nws niam nws txiv. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 1930, cov tub ceev xwm tau tawm tswv yim rau kev txwv tsis pub cov noob caj noob ces raws li kev coj ua. Tom qab ntawd lawv hais txog nws li "fascist science". Cov kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb hauv qhov kev taw qhia no pib tshawb nrhiav.
Thaum 30s lig, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau raug ntes thiab tua. Piv txwv li, N. Vavilov raug liam ntawm kev tawm tsam Soviet, thiab tom qab ntawd raug txim tuag tawm tsam nws, tom qab ntawd tau mus rau 15 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav. Qee tus kws tshawb fawb raug xa mus rau Siberian camps, lwm tus raug tua (S. Levit, I. Agol). Kuj tseem muaj cov neeg uas, nyob rau hauv kev ntshai ntawm kev tsim txom, tso tseg lawv txoj kev xav txog kev tshawb fawb thiab hloov pauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Ntxiv mus, ib tsab ntawv sau, kaw nrog tus kheej kos npe, raug suav tias yog pov thawj ntawm kev tawm mus los ntawm cov tswv yim yav dhau los.
Qhov teeb meem ntawm Soviet geneticists tsis txwv rau kev tsim txom ntawm Stalinist tsoom fwv. Qee tus, txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau lawv txoj haujlwm hauv zej zog, tsis lees paub lawv cov phooj ywg thiab cov neeg paub, liam lawv ntawm kev txhawb nqa pseudoscience. Cov neeg sib tham tau ua lub siab xav, paub tias cov neeg tawm tsam kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem tsis yog cais tawm ntawm zej zog kev tshawb fawb nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ua tsis ncaj ncees ntawm lawv txoj kev ua txhaum, lawv ntseeg siab tau nce qib kev ua haujlwm.
Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th
Tam sim no, tseem ceeb heev uas qee cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tswj hwm kom tsis txhob muaj kev tsim txom thiab tseem ua raws li lawv nyiam. Txawm tiaskev nyuaj siab thiab teeb meem, muaj tswv yim ua hauj lwm tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug peculiar txoj kev. Kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub USSR tau muab impetus rau cov hom kev lag luam uas, vim hais tias ntawm technical imperfection thiab backwardness, nyob rau hauv ib tug khov lub xeev mus txog rau thaum lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig. Qhov loj tshaj kev puas tsuaj tau tiav nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob thiab opto-mechanical teb. Interestingly, mus txog rau thaum lub overthrow ntawm huab tais nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, tsis muaj ib tug tsim hluav taws xob incandescent teeb. Optics nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev deplorable: tsis muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas yuav to taub optical devices.
Thaum kawg ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lub teb chaws muaj peev xwm muab tau tag nrho cov lag luam hauv tsev nrog cov teeb ntawm nws tus kheej ntau lawm. Private optics rhiav, uas yog ceg ntawm txawv teb chaws manufacturers, raug kaw, thiab lawv tau hloov los ntawm tsim nyog kawm tiav ntawm lawv tus kheej universities (kev txawj ntse opticians-khoos phis tawj, designers), uas tswj kom kov yeej cov teeb meem thiab coj lub optical iav kev lag luam mus rau ib tug tshiab theem. Kev lag luam chemical, mechanical engineering, wood processing industries, food and light industries kuj tsim tau zoo.
Science thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog loj Patriotic
Tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm fascist lub teb chaws Yelemees, muaj kev xav tau ceev ceev rau cov cuab yeej ua tub rog tshiab, kev txhim kho uas tau ua los ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws. Txij xyoo 1941 txog rau xyoo 1945, cov tuam txhab ua riam phom ua haujlwm tas li, xya hnub hauv ib lub lis piam. Tshwj xeeb mloog yog them rau cov creation ntawm tshiab artillery installations. Cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet txo lub sijhawm rau kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov chav tshiabriam phom. Piv txwv li, 152-mm howitzer tau ua pov thawj zoo heev, tab sis ob peb tus neeg paub tias rab phom no tau tsim thiab tsim nyob rau hauv ob peb lub lis piam xwb.
Yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov caj npab me tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov. Tank thiab anti-tank artillery yuav luag ob npaug ntawm lawv cov calibers, thiab nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov ntsuas xws li armor penetration, roj noj, thiab firing ntau. Los ntawm 1943, lub Soviet Union ntawm lub USSR yeej tshaj lub Germans nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov teb artillery phom tsim ib xyoo.
Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam tseem ua tau zoo dua cov analogues ntawm lwm lub xeev hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua. Hais txog kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub USSR, ib tug tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev tsim ntawm lub dav hlau thiab dav hlau cav. IL-2 tau dhau los ua ntau thiab nrov. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, ntau tshaj li ob lub dav hlau tua rog thiab tua dav hlau nkag mus rau ntau lawm. Los ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem, lawv muaj qhov tsis lees paub qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Nazi aircraft.
Discoveries hauv lwm qhov chaw
Nws tsis yog tsuas yog cov tub rog kev lag luam uas tsim, cov tswv yim tswv yim tsis tso lawv txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv metallurgical teb: nws yog thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob uas txoj kev kub ceev hlau yaj hauv qhov qhib-hearth Qhov cub tau tsim. Kev ua haujlwm geological tau ua tiav thiab, nws tsim nyog hais tias, nws yog qhov ua tsaug rau qhov no uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau tswj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm cov hlau ore hauv Kuzbass, qhov chaw ntxiv ntawm cov roj thiab molybdenum ore hauv Kazakhstan.
Hauv xyoo 1944, lwm qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshwm sim rausciences ntawm lub USSR. Keeb kwm tseem ceeb yog ntaus nqi rau thawj version ntawm lub atomic foob pob, thawj tsim nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav kev paub txog biology, tshuaj thiab kev ua liaj ua teb. Kev yug me nyuam tshiab tau tshawb pom, txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau kev nce yields.
Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd (N. Burdenko, A. Abrikosova, L. Orbeli, A. Bakulev thiab lwm cov tsev neeg muaj koob npe nrov hauv ntiaj teb) tau qhia txog cov txheej txheem tshiab tshaj plaws thiab txhais tau tias kho cov tub rog raug mob rau hauv kev kho mob thiab ua kom muaj ntau yam. discoveries: es tsis txhob ntawm hygroscopic paj rwb ntaub plaub pib siv cellulose; cov khoom ntawm cov roj turbine tau siv los ua lub hauv paus rau qee cov tshuaj pleev, thiab lwm yam.
Post-war inventions
Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm USSR tau tsim muaj ntau lub koom haum tshawb fawb. Cov chaw tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nws txoj cai tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov koom pheej ntawm lub Union, xws li Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan thiab Kazakhstan. Hauv txhua chav haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm faculties ntawm nuclear physics yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias. Tsoom fwv Soviet, txawm tias muaj kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom qab tsov rog, tsis muaj nyiaj pab rau kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab technology. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, txhua lub chaw tshawb fawb tau txais cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb tshiab. Cov chaw tshawb fawb hauv Far East thiab Urals tau qhib los kawm txog atomic nucleus. Lawv tau muab cov cuab yeej niaj hnub tshaj plaws rau kev siv atomic programs.
Yuav kom txhawb cov kws tshawb fawb, txhawb lawv kom muaj kev tshawb pom tshiab, txij li xyoo 1950 lub xeev tau pib muab nqi zog Lenin txhua xyoo. Qhov kev txhawb nqa tas li ntawm IV tau pab txhawb rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm Soviet science. Stalin. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, tus neeg koom tes ze tshaj plaws ntawm tus thawj coj, tau tswj kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv USSR. Cov kev vam meej tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau teev tseg. Piv txwv li, nws yog USSR uas tau los ua thawj lub xeev hauv ntiaj teb siv lub zog nuclear rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Hauv xyoo 1950 thiab 1960, thawj lub dav hlau tshuab, quantum generators, thiab intercontinental ballistic installations tau tsim. Lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw tau pib - thawj lub davhlau tau tsim los ntawm Yu. A. Gagarin hauv xyoo 1961.
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim hauv physics tau ua tiav hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm tshawb fawb. Hauv kev tshawb fawb hluav taws xob ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau, cov lus qhia tshiab rau kev tshawb fawb tau tsim. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tau ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd uas tau koom nrog kev txhim kho hauv thaj chaw ntawm nonlinear optics, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kawm txog qib ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov muag pom, raws li kev siv lub teeb.
Ib nrab xyoo dhau los pom lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kab lis kev cai hauv USSR. Biologists, chemists, geneticists, uas nws cov dej num raug tsim txom nyob rau hauv lub pre-ua tsov ua rog lub sij hawm, txuas ntxiv kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia tseem ceeb. P. Lukyanenko bred thawj hom qoob loo lub caij ntuj no, thiab M. Volsky nrhiav tau cov khoom ntawm cov tsiaj txhu kom nqus tau nitrogen los ntawm huab cua. Academician N. Dubinin tau txais qhov khoom plig Lenin rau nws txoj haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov kev xav ntawm chromosome mutations.
Lub sijhawm no kuj tau cim los ntawm kev ua tiav tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov tshuaj Soviet. Kev kho mob ntawm cardio-Cov kab mob vascular - thawj qhov kev ua tiav kev phais mob ntawm lub plawv tau ua tiav. Lub sijhawm no, thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, poliomyelitis thiab lwm yam kab mob txaus ntshai tau tsim.
qauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev: kev qhia dav dav
Kev dhia hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm USSR, uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm muaj nyob hauv lub xeev no, nyuaj rau overestimate. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub koom haum sab ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev muaj nws qhov tsis zoo:
- tsom mus rau qhov kev tshawb fawb muaj zog feem ntau ntawm kev siv cov kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, txhim kho cov tub rog lub zog ntawm lub xeev;
- tsis muaj ob txheej txheem thev naus laus zis uas yuav tso cai rau kev siv cov kev ua tiav ntawm kev lag luam tiv thaiv hauv kev tsim khoom pej xeem;
- kev faib tawm ntawm zej zog kev tshawb fawb, kev tsis sib haum xeeb;
- qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb loj hauv cov haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, uas yuav tsum tau siv cov peev txheej loj;
- qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nyiaj txiag ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb thiab lub teb chaws kev xav tau kev lag luam rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho;
- xeev cov tswv ntawm cov tsev tshawb fawb;
- kev cais tawm ntawm lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb.
Qhov kawg ntawm 80s yog suav tias yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev poob ntawm Soviet science. Txij li lub sijhawm Central Committee ntawm CPSU tau txais kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb mus rau kev ywj pheej nyiaj txiag, uas tau saws nyob rau hauv 1987, muaj teeb meem pib. Txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau lees paub tias yog cov khoom ntawm kev txawj ntsekev ua ub no thiab them rau ib yam li lwm yam khoom siv. Lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb tau hloov mus rau kev them nyiaj rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom raws li kev cog lus, thaum tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm lub xeev. Radical renovation xav tau cov cuab yeej siv, thaj chaw, tib neeg cov peev txheej. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm lub USSR, cov kws txawj tau sau tseg hais tias lub xeev ntawm thev naus laus zis lub hauv paus ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam sector yog heev inferior rau Western lub teb chaws.
Zoo kawg
Qhov kev tawg uas kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm USSR tuaj yeem raug hu ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, ib chav kawm tau teem rau kev tsim lub peev xwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub xeev, uas tsis yog Stalinist txoj kev npaj tsib xyoos, los yog xyoo ntawm kev tsim txom, tsis muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis, thiab kev tsov kev rog tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm USSR tau dhau los ua ib qho kev ywj pheej sib txawv, txawv ntawm txawv teb chaws los ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia ib txhij. Cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet sim ua raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab ua haujlwm kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau teeb tsa lawv tus kheej ob lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb: coj kev lag luam mus rau qib tshiab thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub tebchaws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv. Ntau xyoo Soviet tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv niaj hnub Russia.
Undoubtedly, kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv USSR tau ua kom yooj yim los ntawm kev xav tau ntawm lub xeev kev coj noj coj ua los txhim kho thiab nce cov kev ua tiav uas twb muaj lawm, nrhiav kev tsim kho tshiab txhawm rau txhawm rau kaw qhov sib txawv thiab dhau lub teb chaws txawv teb chaws. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem los ntawm tog thiab tsoomfwvcov hauj lwm xav tau kev nqis peev loj ntawm cov peev nyiaj txiag. Lub xeev kev txhawb nqa rau kev tshawb fawb kev lag luam yog ib qho laj thawj rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv lub sijhawm Soviet.
