Catalan belongs rau pawg Occitano-Romance subgroup ntawm Indo-European tsev neeg. Nws yog ib lub xeev hauv Principality ntawm Andorra. Tag nrho cov neeg uas hais lus Catalan yog kwv yees li 11 lab. Feem ntau, cov lus no tuaj yeem hnov hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov zej zog tswj hwm ntawm Spain (Balearic Islands thiab Valencia), Ltalis (lub nroog Alghero, uas nyob ntawm cov kob ntawm Sardinia) thiab Fabkis (Oriental Pyrenees).
Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav thiab piav qhia luv luv
Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, Catalan hais lus muaj ntau lub npe vim tias nws tau siv ntau thaj chaw. Txog rau hnub no, ob nqe lus ntxiv uas hais txog cov lus no tau muaj sia nyob - Catalan-Valencian-Balearic (siv feem ntau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb) thiab Valencian. Qhov kev xaiv tom kawg yog siv tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv lub zej zog tswj hwm ntawm Valencia (ib feem ntawm Spain). Kuj tseem muaj lub npe tsis tshua muaj "Mallorquin", uas yog siv rau lub sijhawm tsis raug cai.(Balearic Islands, Kingdom of Mallorca).
Catalan tau txais txiaj ntsig thib rau hauv pawg Romance raws li cov neeg hais lus (tsawg kawg 11.6 lab tus tib neeg). Nws yog ua ntej Spanish, Italian, Fabkis, Portuguese thiab Romanian. Catalan yog ranked 14th nyob rau hauv European Union nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm purity ntawm kev siv nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub hais lus.
Adapted Latin yog siv rau kev sau ntawv: piv txwv li, tsab ntawv ua ke -ny-, -l∙l-, -ig, uas tsis pom nyob qhov twg. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus hais txog lub suab thiab cov qauv sau ntawv yog tus lej ntawm cov suab (muaj xya hauv pawg Romance, yim hauv Catalan) thiab siv cov ntawv tshwj xeeb ua ntej npe.
Lub Ib Hlis 2009, cov ntaub ntawv tau teeb tsa rau qhov ntev tshaj plaws monologue hauv ntiaj teb (124 teev ntawm kev hais lus tsis tu ncua). Feem ntau tau hais hauv Catalan. Perpignan Lewis Kulet tau los ua tus sau cov ntaub ntawv.
Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab kev txhim kho
Nws feem ntau lees txais tias cov lus Catalan tau pib ua zoo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, txij li thaum ntxov monuments siv cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Organia cov lus uas tau pom ua ntej hnub tim los ntawm lub xyoo pua no. Nws tshwm sim los ntawm pej xeem Latin nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Iberian Peninsula. Thaum lub sijhawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, Catalan tau suav hais tias muaj koob npe thiab feem ntau siv hauv cov ntaub ntawv (cov kws sau paj huam nyiam sau hauv Occitan), kev xav thiab kev tshawb fawb.
Pib txij li xyoo pua 13th, cov lus hais tau maj mam ntxiv dag zog rau nws txoj haujlwm kom dhau los ua hom lus ywj pheej. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Ramon Lullsiv Catalan, nws tsim cov ntawv sau txog kev ntseeg, kev xav thiab kev kos duab. Lub hnub nyoog golden tiag tiag rau cov lus yog xyoo pua 15th. Tus kws tshaj lij thiab txawj ntse tshaj plaws, uas yog ib tus thawj coj siv cov lus no hauv paj huam, yog Ausias Mark. Lub primacy nyob rau hauv prose, ntawm chav kawm, belongs rau cov dab neeg "Tus Dawb Tyrant" thiab "Curial thiab Guelfa", tus sau uas yog Joanot Martorel.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov lus Catalan tau poob nws qhov kev ua tau zoo dua qub. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv, uas tau pib nquag siv Castilian (lub npe qub ntawm Spanish). Ua tsaug rau cov tib neeg thiab cov txiv plig uas txuas ntxiv siv Catalan hauv lub neej niaj hnub, cov lus tsis tau tuag.
After the Civil War 1936-1939 thiab kev yeej ntawm Franco, kev siv cov lus nyob rau hauv kev hais lus thiab sau ntawv raug txwv. Hauv Spain lub sijhawm ntawd, txawm tias muaj kev cai lij choj raws li tus neeg siv Catalan raug rau txim txhaum cai. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ywj pheej hauv lub tebchaws tau ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm qee thaj chaw, vim tias cov lus tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xeev cov lus.
Spelling
Kev sau ntawv Catalan siv cov tsiaj ntawv Latin nrog cov cim ntsuas. Ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kev sau ntawv no, cov hauv qab no sawv tawm:
- siv interpunct ntawm ob tsab ntawv l: ntse•ligent - ntse;
- siv kev sib xyaw -ig-, uas txhais lub suab [ʧ] hauv cov lus xws li maig, faig, thiab lwm yam.;
- sivtsab ntawv t, uas txhais cov lus txuas ntxiv hauv qab no tl, tll, tn thiab tm: setmana - lis piam, bitllet - daim pib;
- combinations tz, ts, tj, tg is used to denote affricates.
yam ntxwv ntawm cov vowels
Ib yam ntawm cov suab no yog qhov ploj ntawm cov suab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov lus Latin keeb kwm, tshwj tsis yog tsab ntawv -a. Qhov no feature feem ntau txawv Catalan los ntawm cov lus ntawm Italo-Romance thiab Western Iberian subgroups. Cov lus ntawm cov tsev neeg no khaws tag nrho cov lus kawg. Catalan thiab Occitan qhia ntau lo lus monosyllabic thiab ntau diphthongs. Qhov txawv ntawm ob hom lus saum toj no yog qhov txo qis ntawm diphthong AU rau lub suab qhib O.
Catalan txawv ntawm lus Mev hauv kev tuav cov lus qhib ntawm cov lus luv luv ntawm Latin keeb kwm Ŏ thiab Ĕ. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntawv -ACT hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov lus tau txo qis thiab hloov mus rau -ET. Cov yam ntxwv no muaj rau Catalan thiab cov lus ntawm Western Romance pawg (Occitan thiab Languedoc).
Ntawm tus lej
hom suab no yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub suab tsis muaj -T, -C, -P mus rau suab -d-, -g-, -b. Qhov kev zoo no koom ua ke Catalan nrog Western Romance subfamily. Nrog rau pawg Gallo-Romance, cov lus no muaj feem xyuam nrog kev khaws cia ntawm thawj lub suab FL, PL, CL, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov suab tsis muaj suab rau cov suab lus sib xws yog tias lo lus tom ntej pib nrog lub suab lus lossis cov suab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tso tseg cov intervocalic -N, uas zoo li cov lus tsis zooLatin thiab stunning tus consonant zaum kawg unites Catalan nrog Occitan thiab Languedoc.
- Cia peb xav txog cov yam ntxwv qub uas tsis pom hauv hom lus Romance:
- Latin -D ua -u;
- end -TIS ua -u (tshwj xeeb rau tus neeg thib ob plural);
- kev sib txuas ntawm Latin kawg suab -C + e, i → -u (kwv yees. CRUCEM → creu).
Ntau yam
Lub sijhawm sib txawv, hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas hais lus Catalan, ntau yam lus tau tshwm sim los ntawm nws lub zog. Xav txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim:
- Sicilian nyob rau yav qab teb Ltalis;
- Patouet lus, uas tau hais los ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus txog rau ib nrab xyoo dhau los, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm lawv cov xeeb ntxwv los ntawm Sab Qab Teb ntawm Valencia, Menorca. Raws li rau cov lus, nws yog raws li ib feem ntawm Arabic thiab Fabkis lo lus;
- Nws yog lus Catalan uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov lus panotcho (lub zej zog tswj hwm ntawm Murcia). Lub teb chaws ntawm keeb kwm - Spain;
- Sicilian, Southern Italy;
- churro lus, thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw hais lus Mev ntawm Lub Zej Zog Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Valencia;
- Neapolitan lus, lub tebchaws - Ltalis.
