Thawj zaug, cov chaw tsim khoom tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 16th hauv Tebchaws Europe, thiab kom meej meej dua, hauv xeev thiab nroog ntawm Ltalis. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau tshwm sim hauv cov tebchaws xws li Netherlands, England thiab Fabkis. Cov no yog cov lag luam uas ua cov ntaub, weaved wool, ua ships, thiab mined ore. Lawv raug zam los ntawm cov cai thiab txwv khw.
Thawj qhov chaw tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Russia txawv ntawm cov European. Lub hav zoov ntawm serf kev sib raug zoo tshuav nws cov cim ntawm lawv keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob. Lawv ua raws li tus qhev, raug yuam ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub qhe uas tsis tau txais nyiaj txaus rau lawv txoj haujlwm. Hauv qhov no, lawv tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho sai sai, zoo li cov lag luam zoo sib xws nyob rau sab hnub poob.
thawj venture
Xav txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj lub chaw tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Russia, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los hais tias qhov ua haujlwm zoo li cas. Manufactory yog ib hom kev lag luam ntau lawm uas siv kev siv zog ua haujlwm thiabnrhiav neeg ua haujlwm. Nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog kev faib ua haujlwm, uas muab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
Thawj qhov chaw tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Russia tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo pua 17th. Lawv tus lej tshaj rau caum. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua thiab cov tub lag luam artels. Kev xaws thiab xaws cov khoom lag luam feem ntau ua tiav cov lus txib ntawm lub tsev hais plaub Sovereign.
thawj lub lag luam ntawm hom no hauv Russia yog Cannon Yard hauv Moscow. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1525. Cov kws ua hlau, casters, kws ntoo, solderers thiab lwm cov kws txawj ua haujlwm ntawm no. Nws yog pej xeem kev lag luam. Xav paub ntxiv txog nws yuav tham hauv qab no.
Lwm yam tsim khoom
Lub chaw tsim khoom thib ob yog Moscow Armory. Nws tau ua raws li cov nyiaj thiab kub, thiab tseem xyaum nqa tsheb, xaws, kws ntoo, ntau lawm enamel.
thib peb yog Khamovny yard nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub npe los ntawm lo lus "ham" - qhov no yog qhov lawv siv los hu ua linen linen. Qhov thib plaub manufactory nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm tsim yog lub Moscow Mint.
Chaw tsim khoom tau tshwm sim hauv ob txoj hauv kev:
- Los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke hauv ib lub rooj cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog ntau yam tshwj xeeb. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom lag luam los ntawm theem pib mus rau theem ntawm nws cov khoom kawg tau ua nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw.
- Los ntawm kev sib sau hauv ib qho kev cob qhia cov neeg txawj ntse uas muaj tib yam tshwj xeeb, thiab lawv txhua tus ua haujlwm tsis tu ncuakev ua haujlwm.
Tom ntej no, peb yuav txiav txim siab cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob hauv thawj lub chaw tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Russia.
Shapes
Cov no suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- Nplooj.
- Centralized.
- Mixed.
Thawj ntawm cov no yog ib txoj hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam, uas tus tswv ntawm peev, tus neeg ua lag luam-ua lag luam (manufactory), hloov cov ntaub ntawv raw mus rau cov neeg ua hauj lwm hauv zos me me rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem ua ntu zus. Tom qab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv raw (piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog cov ntaub plaub nyoos), tus kws ua haujlwm ua cov xov paj los ntawm nws. Cov chaw tsim khoom tau muab nws, muab rau lwm tus neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm, thiab nws ua cov xov paj ntawm nws, thiab lwm yam.
Hauv txoj kev thib ob, txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm tau ua cov khoom siv raw, sib sau ua ke, hauv qab ib lub ru tsev. Nws tau muab faib ua feem ntau qhov chaw uas cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yuav tsum muaj kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm kaum ob lossis ntau pua tus neeg ua haujlwm uas tau ua ntau yam haujlwm. Qhov no yog ib txwm muaj rau cov lag luam hauv qab no:
- mining;
- metallurgical;
- printing;
- sugar-siav;
- paper;
- porcelain faience.
Tus tswv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom nruab nrab feem ntau yog cov tub lag luam muaj nyiaj, cov tswv cuab yeej tsis tshua muaj ntau.
Hom thib peb tau tsim cov khoom siv ntau dua, xws li watches. Nyob rau hauv xws li manufactories, ib tug neeg qhov chaw yog tsim los ntawm me me artisans uas muaj ib tug nqaim tshwj xeeb. Whereas lub rooj sib txoos twb tau ua nyob rau hauv lub rhiav ntawm tus neeg ua lag luam.
Manufactories nyob rau hauv Peter I
Hauv qab nws, muaj ntau hom kev tsim khoom. Hais txog:
- official;
- patrimonial;
- session;
- muas;
- peasants.
Nyob rau hauv Peter kuv, tsawg kawg yog ob puas lub chaw tsim khoom tshiab tau tshwm sim, tsim cov uas nws txhawb nqa txhua txoj hauv kev. Kev sim tau tsim los tsim cov chaw tsim khoom hauv xeev hauv Urals, ua cov hlau. Tab sis lawv tau txais kev txhim kho tag nrho tsuas yog ua tsaug rau kev hloov kho ntawm Peter I.
Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas thawj qhov chaw tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Russia tau pib tsim thiab ua haujlwm ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm - nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm tag nrho kev lag luam. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm xws li kev lag luam tau nrawm los ntawm kev xav tau cov khoom lag luam ntawm lawv tus kheej tsim, feem ntau yog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog niaj hnub thiab navy.
Serfdom
Kev lag luam hauv Russia, txawm hais tias lawv muaj peev txheej, tau siv los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb. Cov no yog sessional, ascribed, quitrent thiab lwm yam peasants, uas tig lub manufactory rau hauv ib tug serf enterprise.
Lawv tau muab faib ua tub lag luam, xeev, tus tswv tsev, nyob ntawm seb leej twg muaj lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm. Xyoo 1721, cov kws tsim khoom lag luam tau txais txoj cai los yuav cov neeg ua liaj ua teb kom ruaj ntseg rau lawv cov lag luam. Xws li peasants hu ua sessional.
Lawv yog cov pej xeem nyob hauv tebchaws Russia thiab raug yuam kom rov qab them se - ib tus neeg thiab cov nuj nqis - mus ua haujlwm hauv cov tuam txhab ntiag tug thiab xeev thiab cov nroj tsuag. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, los txhawb kev lag luam,Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias nws cov neeg ua haujlwm pheej yig tas li, tsoomfwv tau siv dav rau kev sau npe ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv xeev rau cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Siberia thiab Urals.
Raws li txoj cai, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb sib koom ua ke tau txuas nrog kev lag luam rau lub sijhawm tsis kawg, qhov tseeb, mus ib txhis. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tseem koom nrog lub xeev, tab sis qhov tseeb lawv tau siv los ntawm cov neeg lag luam thiab rau txim los ntawm lawv ua serfs.
Lub xeev cov chaw tsim khoom tau siv zog ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv xeev, suav nrog, nrog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntiav dawb thiab nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm. Hauv cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov tub lag luam, quitrent, sessional peasants thiab pej xeem neeg ua hauj lwm. Cov tswv tsev lag luam tau ua haujlwm rau nws cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Advanced Enterprises
Xws li, piv txwv li, Cannon thiab Khamovnaya manufactories. Lawv twb tau hais los saum no lawm. Thiab nws tseem tsim nyog hais txog Danilov Manufactory.
thawj ntawm no yog hu ua ntxov tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog Moscow Cannon Yard, uas yog lub tuam txhab loj uas cov kws ua haujlwm paub txog thiab lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm. Lawv tau them nyiaj rau tsoomfwv. Muaj smelting furnaces, forges, foundry barns. Cannons, tswb, thiab lwm yam khoom hlau tau raug pov rau ntawm qhov kev lag luam siab heev. Nws nyob ntawm no tias Tsar Cannon raug pov los ntawm tus tswv Andrei Chokhov nyob rau hauv 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th.
Muaj ntau qhov chaw boorish hauv Moscow. Lawv raug tsim los pab cov tsev neeg xav tau ntawm lub palace, ces lawv kuj tau siv los ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog. Nyob rau hauv lub rooj cob qhia, linen tau hnav thiab bleached: ntaub pua rooj, phuam da dej, phuam phuam,sewed sailcloths. Cov khoom tau zoo heev. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog lub vaj Kadashevsky hauv Kadashevskaya Sloboda, hauv Zamoskvorechye, thiab Khamovny hauv Khamovnicheskaya Sloboda.
Kev koom tes ntawm Danilov Manufactory
Nws tseem hu ua lub koom haum ntawm VE Meshcherin. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Kev koom tes nrog lub tsev khaws khoom nyob rau hauv Moscow, ntawm Ilyinka Street. Thiab kev tsim khoom yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm txoj kev loj Varshavskoe tam sim no.
Tus tub lag luam ntawm 1st guild Meshcherin hauv xyoo 1867 tau nqis peev hauv kev tsim lub Hoobkas weaving. Nws tsuas yog tsim calico, los ntawm cov chintz thiab phuam qhwv caj dab tom qab. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau muab rau cov khoom thiab ua tiav rau lwm lub lag luam nyob hauv Moscow thiab Ivanovo-Voznesensk.
Nyob rau xyoo 1876, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub chaw tsim khoom lag luam, kev sib koom tes tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv 1877, nws peev yog 1.5 lab rubles. Los ntawm 1879, lub tshuab tshuab paj rwb-tsim tshuab kuj tau tsim. Xyoo 1882, lub tuam txhab tau hloov mus rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, uas suav nrog tag nrho cov voj voog ntau lawm.
Nyob rau xyoo 1912, 2 lab daim ntaub thiab ntau dua 20 lab cov phuam so tes tau tsim. Muaj 150 hom ntaub, 6,000 tus neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam txhab. Nyob rau hauv 1913, lub peev yog 3 lab rubles. Nyob rau hauv 1919 lub koom haum tau nationalized. Tom qab ntawd, lub tuam txhab tau muab lub npe hu ua Moscow Cotton Factory. M. V. Frunze. Txij li thaum 1994, nws tau hu ua Danilovskaya Manufactory. Tam sim no, lub tsev ntawm Varshavskoye Shosse tsev nyob hauv tsev thiab chaw ua lag luam.
