Ntiaj teb keeb kwm nplua nuj heev thiab muaj ntau yam tseeb. Txawm hais tias suav nrog cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no thiab kev txhim kho tsis tau pom dua ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau teb tag nrho cov lus nug ntawm kev txaus siab rau noob neej. Feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej, tus kheej, qhov chaw, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem yog qhov tsis paub txog niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li qhov muag tsis pom kev tsis yog qhov teeb meem rau kev tsim ib hom "tsob ntoo keeb kwm", uas yuav tso cai rau cov ntsiab lus dav dav kom paub txog tag nrho cov txheej txheem keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tseem muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov qauv classical ntawm qhov tshwm sim yav dhau los. Tab sis puas yog txhua yam uas tau piav qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv?
Kev tsim keeb kwm
Kev txhim kho keeb kwm raws li kev tshawb fawb tau pib ntev dhau los txij li thaum Greek thaum ub. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nce qib ntawm kev txawj ntse tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Nrog nws cov kev pab, koj tuaj yeem kawm lub ntiaj teb tiag los ntawm lub sijhawm prism. Los ntawm kev kawm ntau thiab ntau qhov tseeb los ntawm yav dhau los nyob deb, peb tuaj yeem piav qhia qee qhov xwm txheej ntawm tam sim no thiab kwv yees yav tom ntej. Tab sis qhov kev ua haujlwm peculiar no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb uasyuav tsum kawm keeb kwm. Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav paub ntxiv txog kev tsav tsheb ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm. Tom qab tag nrho, evolution, nyob qhov twg nws tshwm sim, tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim li ntawd. Rau qhov no, yuav tsum muaj qee yam tseem ceeb uas yuav ua rau muaj zog. Yog tias koj saib tag nrho cov theem ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm, uas yuav tau tham hauv qab no, nws pom tseeb tias thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej muaj qee yam xwm txheej, tib neeg, qhov tseeb lossis lwm yam uas txhawb kev txhim kho tom ntej.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob
Txhua tus txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob tuaj yeem muab faib ua qee theem. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis paub tias nws pib li cas, thiab dab tsi ua rau nws muaj zog thiab poob qis. Thaum cov kws tshawb fawb pib tshawb nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no, lawv pib tsim ntau yam kev xav ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob uas yuav muab cov lus teb rau cov lus nug uas twb muaj lawm. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, lub sij hawm txoj kev xav txhais tau tias ib qho kev xav, overgrown nrog qhov tseeb thiab pov thawj scientific. Nws tso cai rau koj los tshawb nrhiav thiab ua pov thawj qhov tseeb lossis qhov tseeb ntawm txhua yam. Nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob yog pov thawj, thiab theories, nyob rau hauv lem, ua kom nws muaj peev xwm to taub nws ntau haiv neeg, daim ntawv, ua, thiab dynamics. Nws yog txoj kev xav uas lees paub qhov tseeb tias lub zog tsav tsheb ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm muaj nyob thiab tuaj yeem piav qhia.
Hom kev xav ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm
Cov xwm txheej tuaj yeem saib raws li ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb: pluralistic thiab monistic. Txhua tus ntawm lawvua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib lossis lwm hom keeb kwm kev xav. Lub pluralistic mus kom ze qhia txog qhov muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab kab lis kev cai, kev loj hlob ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm ib leeg. Lub tswv yim monistic yog qhov sib txawv tag nrho thiab ua pov thawj qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab haiv neeg. Yog li, peb pom tias txhua lub tswv yim yuav muaj nws tus kheej tsav tsheb ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm, thiab lawv sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Raws li rau theories, lawv cov kws sau ntawv yeej ib txwm ua raws li qee lub tswv yim. Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm los ua ib qho kev tshawb xav tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm, uas yog:
- Theological. Txhua yam uas muaj sia nyob tau txhim kho raws li Vajtswv lub siab nyiam, thiab tib neeg yog nws qhov kev tsim zoo tshaj plaws. Txhua txheej txheem yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv lub npe thiab lub yeeb koob ntawm nws.
- Pagan. Qhov kev xav no yog qhov nthuav vim nws cov neeg koom nrog tsis lees paub cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm tag nrho.
- Linear txoj kev xav piav qhia txhua qhov kev txhim kho raws li qee lub sijhawm. Txhua txoj kev loj hlob yuav tsum xaus rau ib hnub.
- Toynbee txoj kev xav. Nws qhia txog qhov xwm txheej cyclical ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem keeb kwm. Tag nrho cov kev vam meej muaj kev nce, kev loj hlob, ncov ntawm evolution thiab poob. Ntxiv mus, tag nrho cov txheej txheem yog interconnected.
- Marxist txoj kev xav yog universal. Nws piav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev cai lij choj, haiv neeg, thiab tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm. Yooj yim muab tso, Karl Marx piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm ib qho kev tshwm sim hauv zej zog raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv chav kawm. Txoj kev xav tau nthuav dav nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, thaum lub ntiaj teb yog bipolar: lub teb chaws Communist sab hnub tuaj thiabcapitalist sab hnub poob.
txheej txheem keeb kwm thiab nws yam
Txoj kev xav lawv tus kheej tsuas yog lub hauv paus raws li lub zej zog tau tsim. Txhua tus ntawm lawv hais txog yam tshwj xeeb uas nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv cuam tshuam txog kev hloov pauv ntawm tib neeg. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tib neeg thiab keeb kwm yuav tsum raug suav tias yog ib qho kev puas tsuaj tag nrho, vim tias nws yog cov neeg uas cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov evolution. Yog li, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm los ntawm tib neeg thiab cuam tshuam rau lawv, yog li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev coj cwj pwm ntawm tib neeg ntawm ib thaj chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog tsim nyog los coj mus rau hauv tus account lub geographic cov ntaub ntawv, vim hais tias tag nrho cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv ntau theem ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom meej nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no.
Piv tsawg kawg yog European lub tebchaws thiab African lub tebchaws. Tib neeg yog tib yam, tsuas yog cov xim ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lawv yog colossal. Nws ua raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob tsis yog nyob ntawm lub sijhawm xwb. Lawv kuj yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm thaj chaw thiab lwm yam ntawm cov pej xeem, piv txwv li: kev ntseeg, kev xav, kev nom kev tswv, thiab lwm yam.
Stages of historical development
Yog li, peb tau tsim tias cov xwm txheej nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob thiab thaj chaw keeb kwm. Qhov systematization ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tau ua rau qhov tseeb tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau faib tag nrho lub ntiaj teb keeb kwm mus rau lub sijhawm. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Ua tsaug raunrog lawv peb tuaj yeem kawm thiab qhia txog lub ntsiab tsav ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm.
Cov theem hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm txhua lub tebchaws:
- ntiaj teb puag thaum ub. Qhov pib ntawm theem no yog cim los ntawm ob hnub tseem ceeb: 1.2 lab xyoo BC, thaum thawj tus txiv neej tshwm sim, thiab 40 txhiab xyoo BC. Hnub kawg yog hais txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nco qab hauv Homo sapiens thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev ciaj sia ntawm lwm hom.
- Ancient world (IV-III millennium BC - V century AD).
- Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab (5th - 15th centuries AD).
- Modern times (XVI - 60s of the XX century AD).
- Lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no (60s ntawm xyoo pua XX - tam sim no).
Txhua yam sib txawv ntawm txhua theem
Txhua theem keeb kwm qhia txog tus txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm, tib neeg tau siv cov kev paub ntau ntxiv kom txav mus rau theem tshiab ntawm kev loj hlob. Tab sis rau kev sib sau ntawm kev paub yog txheej txheem ntev, yog li cov theem tsis sib xws hauv lawv lub sijhawm.
Txhua ntawm lawv tau xaus nrog qee qhov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, lub neej thaum ub pib ploj mus nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm kev vam meej thiab lub tebchaws loj, xws li Roman, Mesopotamian, Persian. Lub ntiaj teb thaum ub twb tso tseg lawm thaum Yexus muab kev ntseeg rau lub ntiaj teb no.
Thaum lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm Hnub Nyoog Kawg thiab Hnub Nyoog Tshiab, muaj kev tshawb pom zoo ntawm thaj chaw uas ua rau tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob. keeb kwmcov qub txeeg qub teg uas tseem nyob tom qab txhua theem tau pab tib neeg kom ua tiav qhov kev cia siab tshiab, siv qhov yuam kev ntawm tiam dhau los.
Zoo kawg
Feem ntau, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm nyob ntawm ntau yam. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb yog peb tus kheej - cov neeg uas nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb ntiaj teb. Ib qho ntawm peb qhov kev ua tau tsim keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thiab leej twg paub, tej zaum theem tom ntej tsuas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ces kaum.
