Txhawm rau ua kom koj cov lus hais ua lus txawv teb chaws qhia, raug thiab sib txawv, nrog rau kawm kom nkag siab lwm tus neeg hais li cas (sau), koj yuav tsum paub cov lus Askiv. Ib lub rooj (thiab ntau dua ib qho) yuav raug nthuav tawm hauv kab lus no nrog cov lus piav qhia tsim nyog los pab txhawb kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv grammatical.
Yuav ua li cas yog lub npe thiab nws yog dab tsi
Qhov kev hais lus no yog siv rau txhua yam lus kom tsis txhob tautologies, ua kom cov lus hais qhuav, thiab ua rau lawv muaj kev xav ntau dua. Pronouns nyob rau hauv lus Askiv hu ua Pronouns, uas txhais tau tias "es tsis yog lub npe."
Qhov kev pabcuam no ua haujlwm hloov pauv rau cov lus hais uas twb tau hais hauv cov lus hais lossis sau ntawv. Nouns thiab adjectives tuaj yeem hloov tau, me ntsis tsawg dua - adverbs thiab lej. Pronouns pab peb kom lub logic thiab clarity ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev xav, tab sis tib lub sij hawm tsis txhob rov hais dua peb tus kheej, naming tib neeg, khoom, phenomena, cim, thiab lwm yam.
Dab tsi yog lus Askiv
Muaj yim yam nyob rau hauv tag nrhocov kev pabcuam no ntawm cov lus. Tom ntej no, peb yuav txiav txim siab txhua tus nyias nyias
lus Askiv, zoo li Lavxias, hloov ntawm tus neeg, poj niam txiv neej thiab tus lej. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum ua raws li ib feem ntawm kev hais lus uas lawv hloov. Piv txwv li, kev pom zoo raws li poj niam txiv neej: ntxhais (ntxhais) - nws (nws). Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib koom tes yog ua raws li tus lej: cov tub (cov tub) - lawv (lawv).
Tam sim no cia peb mus saib seb txhua yam yog dab tsi thiab qhov kev pabcuam no ntawm kev hais lus tswj hwm ua lus Askiv yooj yim li cas.
Tus kheej Pronouns
Lawv muaj lawv lub npe vim lawv hloov lub npe - animate thiab inanimate. Muaj xya tag nrho.
- I - kuv;
- koj - koj (koj);
- he - he;
- she - nws;
- nws - nws;
- peb - we;
- lawv - lawv.
Thov nco ntsoov cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
1. Koj siv tau ob qho tib si hauv cov lus thiab cov plural. Nws txhais tau hais tias: “koj”, “koj” (rov hais dua rau ib tus neeg) lossis “koj” (thov rau ib pawg neeg).
2. Nws txhais tsis tau tsuas yog cov khoom tsis muaj sia, tab sis kuj yog tsiaj.
Cov lus hais saum toj no yog muab rau hauv rooj plaub nominative. Tab sis yuav ua li cas yog tias koj yuav tsum hais: "koj", "kuv", "txog peb", thiab lwm yam? Dab tsi yog kis nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab los ntawm lwm yam (dative, genitive, prepositional, thiab lwm yam), nyob rau hauv lus Askiv yog hu ua nyob rau hauv ib lo lus - lub subjective case. Cov lus ntawdhloov cov lus uas tsis yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus. Cov lus teb yog qhia hauv qab no.
Leej twg? Dab tsi? |
Leej twg? Dab tsi? Rau leej twg? Dab tsi? Los ntawm leej twg? Yuav ua li cas? Hais txog leej twg? Hais txog dab tsi? |
| I | me - me, me, me, thiab lwm yam |
| koj | koj - koj (koj), koj (koj), thiab lwm yam |
| nws | nws - rau nws, nws, thiab lwm yam |
| nws | nws - nws, nws, thiab lwm yam |
| nws | nws - rau nws, nws, thiab lwm yam |
| peb | us - peb, peb, thiab lwm yam |
| lawv | lawv - lawv, lawv, thiab lwm yam |
Pib xyaum siv cov ntsiab lus thaum koj nkag siab zoo thiab kawm cov qauv ntawm kev xaiv tsa. Txwv tsis pub, koj tsuas yog khiav txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsis meej pem. Feem ntau, kev nco cov lus yog qhov yooj yim heev, thiab ntau zaus koj kawm ib hom lus txawv teb chaws, koj yuav muaj kev ntseeg siab ntau dua.
Cov lus muaj npe
pab pawg no yog siv thib ob. Tab sis tsis txhob maj kom ntshai thaum koj pom cov lus Askiv tshiab. Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog kev sib tham ntawm tus kheej thiab muaj hom.
tus kheej hais lus |
Nyob zoo lus |
| I – I | Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws. |
| koj - koj (koj) | koj - koj (koj) |
| nws - he | nws - nws |
| nws - nws | nws - nws |
| nws - it | nws - nws |
| we – we | peb - peb |
| lawv - lawv |
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, yuav luag txhua lub npe muaj tib lub qia, thiab feem ntau qhov sib txawv tsuas yog hauv ib tsab ntawv xwb.
Nws raug nquahu kom kawm thiab ua haujlwm tawm hauv kev ua haujlwm ua ntej tus kheej cov lus, tom qab ntawd cov khoom muaj, thiab tom qab ntawd xyaum ua cov kev xeem sib xyaw, qhov twg koj yuav tsum xaiv qhov kev xaiv uas tsim nyog hauv lub ntsiab lus thiab kab lus: koj lossis koj, thiab lwm yam. Yog li koj yuav tsum kawm txhua yam thiab tsis txhob cuam tshuam ob pawg neeg zoo sib xws no.
Nkauj hais lus
Peb txuas ntxiv kawm cov lus Askiv thiab tam sim no peb mus rau ntau yam uas pab taug kev hauv qhov chaw, qhia qee yam khoom, kev taw qhia thiab qhov chaw. Lawv tsis hloov los ntawm tib neeg los yog poj niam txiv neej, tab sis lawv muaj ntau hom lus thiab ntau hom. Ntxiv rau ntawm lub rooj koj yuav pom cov lus Askiv pronouns nrog kev txhais lus.
Qhov chaw:kaw Nyob deb deb |
Singular |
Plural |
| this (this) | cov no (cov) | |
| uas | tus |
Piv txwv li, yog ib daim duab dai ntawm phab ntsa nyob deb, ces lawv hais txog nws: Qhov ntawd yog daim duab. Thiab yog tias muaj cov xaum nyob ze ntawm lub rooj, qhov no tuaj yeem qhia tau raws li hauv qab no: Cov no yog xaum.
Pab pawg ntawm cov kev pabcuam no ntawm kev hais lus muaj lwm txoj haujlwm. Lawv tuaj yeem hloov cov lus ntawm tus kheej lossis txawm tias tag nrho cov kab lus. Qhov no yog ua kom tsis txhob rov ua dua. Piv txwv li: Huab cua hauv lub zos zoo dua li hauv nroog - Huab cua hauv lub zos zoo dua (air quality) hauv nroog.
Ntxhais Pronouns
Qhov ntau yam no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov kab lus nyuaj los txuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab subordinate. Cov lus Askiv zoo li no nrog kev txhais lus thiab kev nkag siab ntawm kev hais lus txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem tsim teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nkag siab qhov teeb meem no zoo. Cov lus txheeb ze hauv qab no muaj:
- uas - dab tsi, uas (siv rau ob qho tib si animate thiab inanimate khoom);
- uas - uas (tsuas yog xa mus rau cov khoom lossis qhov tshwm sim);
- leej twg - leej twg, leej twg (qhia tib neeg nkaus xwb);
- leej twg - rau leej twg, leej twg, leej twg (tsis pom hauv cov lus hais, siv tsuas yog hauv kev hais lus raws li kev hais lus cliché).
Interrogative Pronouns
Raws li koj tuaj yeem twv, hom no yog siv rau hauv kab lus nug. yog kojlub ntsiab lus "Cov Lus Nug Tshwj Xeeb" twb paub lawm, uas txhais tau hais tias koj paub cov lus Askiv zoo. Tag nrho cov no tseem ceeb rau qhov tseeb tias lawv pib nrog tsab ntawv ua ke wh:
- dab tsi? - dab tsi? qhov twg? tus twg?
- uas? - uas? Qhov twg (ntawm ob)?
- leej twg? - leej twg?
- leej twg? - rau leej twg? leej twg?
- nws? – leej twg?
Qee lub sij hawm lub ntsiab lus - puas tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau lawv, thiab tom qab ntawd ua ke ntawm txhua yam (ib yam, dab tsi), leej twg (ib yam, leej twg), thiab lwm yam.
Ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no.
leej twg yog siv rau hauv cov lus thiab xav tias daim ntawv qhia yog, nrog rau qhov xaus -s hauv lub sijhawm tam sim no yooj yim.
Leej twg nyob? Leej twg nyiam zaj movie no?
Qhov kev zam yog thaum siv ntau lub npe ntawm tus kheej (koj, peb, lawv), yog tias cov lus teb suav nrog ntau tus neeg, khoom, qhov tshwm sim, thiab lwm yam.
koj yog leej twg?
Koj cov neeg nyob hauv tsev no yog leej twg? -Peb ua. (Koj nyob hauv tsev twg? - Peb.)
Nyob tsis muaj nuj nqis
Cov xwm txheej feem ntau tshwm sim thaum cov ntaub ntawv tsis meej meej, lossis tus neeg hais lus tsis paub tseeb ntawm nws qhov tseeb. Rau cov xwm txheej zoo li no, muaj ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus pabcuam. Hauv qab no koj tuaj yeem pom tag nrho cov lus Askiv tsis paub meej nrog kev txhais lus.
Animated objects |
Cov khoom tsis muaj sia |
| txhua yam -dab tsi, dab tsi | |
| txhua yam | |
| tsis muaj leej twg, tsis muaj leej twg - tsis muaj leej twg | nothing - tsis muaj dab tsi, tsis muaj dab tsi |
| ib yam - ib yam | |
|
lwm - lwm yam ib yam - ib yam (thaum xaiv los ntawm ob) neither - tsis muaj (thaum xaiv los ntawm ob) ib - txhua |
|
Thov nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov lus teev nyob rau hauv lub rooj yog cov lus (txawm tias txhais ua lus Lavxias lawv hais txog ntau yam khoom lossis tib neeg).
Tus plural ntawm indefinite pronouns yog sawv cev los ntawm cov lus hauv qab no:
- any - ib;
- ob - ob leeg;
- ntaus - ob peb;
- lwm - lwm tus, lwm tus;
- ntau - ob peb;
- few - ob peb.
Reflexive Pronouns
Siv xa mus rau cov kev ua uas ua rau tus kheej. Cov lus Askiv no muaj feem xyuam nrog ntau yam uas koj twb paub - tus kheej thiab muaj. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub particle -self (nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia) los yog -selves (nyob rau hauv lub plural) yog ntxiv.
- (I) Kuv - kuv tus kheej;
- (koj) koj - koj tus kheej;
- (nws) nws - nws tus kheej;
- (nws) nws - nws tus kheej;
- (nws) nws - nws tus kheej (txog cov tsiaj thiab cov khoom tsis muaj sia);
- (peb) peb - peb tus kheej;
- (koj) koj- Koj tus kheej;
- (lawv) lawv - lawv tus kheej.
Yuav txhais li cas rau cov lus hais tawm? Qhov no yog qhov nkag siab zoo tshaj los ntawm cov piv txwv.
Qee zaum txhais tau tias "koj tus kheej", "koj tus kheej", thiab lwm yam.
"Vim li cas?", nws nug nws tus kheej - "Vim li cas?" nws nug nws tus kheej.
Peb npaj hnub so zoo rau peb tus kheej - Peb npaj hnub so zoo rau peb tus kheej.
Qee zaum, koj tuaj yeem txhais cov lus no nrog cov lus hais tawm -s thiab -sya.
Ib tug miv ntxuav nws tus kheej - miv ntxuav nws tus kheej.
Koj zais koj tus kheej qhov twg? – Koj nkaum qhov twg?
Thaum qhov tseeb tias qhov kev txiav txim tau ua los ntawm ib tus neeg ntawm lawv tus kheej tau hais meej, cov lus rov qab tuaj yeem txhais tau nrog cov lus "nws tus kheej", "nws tus kheej", thiab lwm yam.
Nws tau tsa lub tsev no nws tus kheej - Nws ua lub tsev no nws tus kheej.
Cov lus sib tham
Cov ntau yam no suav nrog ob tus neeg sawv cev nkaus xwb: ib leeg thiab ib leeg. Lawv yog synonyms.
Cov lus hais no yog siv rau hauv rooj plaub uas ob yam khoom ua ib yam kev coj ua ntawm ib leeg.
Peb sib hlub - Wb sib hlub.
Lawv puag thiab hnia ib leeg - Lawv puag thiab hnia.
Hnub Christmas cov phooj ywg muab khoom plig rau ib leeg - Thaum Christmas, cov phooj ywg muab khoom plig rau ib leeg.
Rau qhov yuav tsum tau xaiv ib pab pawg neeg ua haujlwm ib yam hauv kev sib raug zoo, yuav tsum siv daim ntawv ib leeg. Piv txwv li:
Peb yog ib tsev neeg koom siab thiab ib txwm pab ib leeg. - Peb yog tsev neeg phooj ywg thiab ib txwm sib pab.
Tib neeg ntawm ntau tiam neeg muaj kev nyuaj siab rau ib leeg
Qhov no yog lub npe zoo li lus Askiv. Tsis muaj dab tsi nyuab nyob rau hauv nws, txij li qee pawg ntawm cov lus ua haujlwm tau tsim los ntawm lwm tus: reflexive thiab possessive - los ntawm tus kheej, kev sib nrig sib - los ntawm indefinite, thiab lwm yam.
Tom qab kawm thiab nkag siab txog txoj kev xav, pib xyaum ua ntau hom kev tawm dag zog. Feem ntau koj ua qhov no, qhov sai dua koj yuav ua tiav qhov tshwm sim: koj yuav pib siv cov lus Askiv hauv koj cov lus tsis muaj hesitation.
