Cov rog yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov organic uas xav tau los ntawm txhua yam muaj sia. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav saib cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lipids. Lawv muaj ntau hom qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi.
Tus qauv ntawm lipids (biology)
Lipid yog ib qho nyuaj organic tshuaj lom neeg. Nws muaj ob peb yam. Cia peb saib cov qauv ntawm lipids hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv.
Simple lipids
Cov qauv ntawm pawg lipids no muab rau muaj ob yam: cawv thiab fatty acids. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom no suav nrog tsuas yog peb lub ntsiab lus: carbon, hydrogen thiab oxygen.
Ntau yam ntawm lipids yooj yim
Lawv muab faib ua peb pawg:
- Alkylacylates (waxes). Cov no yog esters ntawm fatty acids ntau dua thiab mono- lossis dihydric alcohols.
- Triacylglycerols (rog thiab roj). Cov qauv ntawm lipids ntawm hom no muab rau lub xub ntiag ntawm glycerol (trihydric cawv) thiab residues ntawm cov fatty acids ntau dua nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg.
- Ceramides. Esters ntawm sphingosine thiab fatty acids.
YComplex lipids
Cov khoom ntawm pawg no tsis muaj peb yam. Sib nrug los ntawmLawv, lawv suav nrog hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg feem ntau yog sulfur, nitrogen thiab phosphorus.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov lipids complex
Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg:
Phospholipids. Cov qauv ntawm lipids ntawm pab pawg no muab, ntxiv rau cov seem ntawm polyhydric cawv thiab cov roj fatty acids ntau dua, muaj cov phosphoric acid residues, uas txuas ntxiv pawg ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus.
YGlycolipids. Cov no yog cov tshuaj tsim thaum lipids ua ke nrog carbohydrates.
Thawj ob hom lipids, dhau los, muab faib ua pawg.
Yog li, phosphoglycerolipids tuaj yeem suav tias yog ntau yam ntawm phospholipids (lawv muaj glycerol, residues ntawm ob fatty acids, phosphoric acid thiab amino cawv), cardiolipins, plasmalogens (lawv muaj unsaturated monohydric siab cawv, phosphoric acid thiab amino cawv) thiab sphingomyelins (cov khoom uas muaj xws li sphingosine, fatty acid, phosphoric acid, thiab cov amino cawv choline).
Hom glycolipids suav nrog cerebrosides (tshwj tsis yog rau sphingosine thiab fatty acid, lawv muaj galactose lossis qabzib), gangliosides (muaj oligosaccharide los ntawm hexoses thiab sialic acids) thiab sulfatides (sulfuric acid txuas rau hexose).
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lipids hauv lub cev
Cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lipids cuam tshuam. Vim lub fact tias cov polar thiab nonpolar structural fragments yog ib txhij nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules, cov tshuaj no muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm ntawm lub interface.ntu ntu.
Lipids muaj yim lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb:
- Zog. Vim yog oxidation ntawm cov tshuaj no, lub cev tau txais ntau tshaj 30 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov zog nws xav tau.
- Structural. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lipids tso cai rau lawv los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm daim nyias nyias. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm daim nyias nyias, kab ntau yam hauv nruab nrog cev, daim nyias nyias ntawm cov paj hlwb.
- Reserve. Cov tshuaj no yog ib hom kev cia cov fatty acids los ntawm lub cev.
- Antioxidant. Cov qauv ntawm lipids tso cai rau lawv ua lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev.
- Regulatory. Qee cov lipids yog cov neeg nruab nrab ntawm cov tshuaj hormones hauv cov hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov tshuaj hormones yog tsim los ntawm lipids, nrog rau cov tshuaj uas txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
- Tiv thaiv. Lub subcutaneous txheej ntawm cov roj muab thermal thiab mechanical tiv thaiv ntawm tus tsiaj lub cev. Raws li cov nroj tsuag, waxes tsim ib lub plhaub tiv thaiv ntawm nplooj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
- xov xwm. Ganglioside lipids muab kev sib cuag ntawm cov hlwb.
- Zoo plab. Cov kua tsib yog tsim los ntawm lipid cholesterol, uas koom nrog hauv kev zom zaub mov.
YSynthesis ntawm lipids hauv lub cev
Feem ntau cov tshuaj ntawm cov chav kawm no yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cell los ntawm tib yam khoom pib - acetic acid. Cov metabolism hauv rog yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov tshuaj hormones xws li insulin, adrenaline thiab pituitary cov tshuaj hormones.
Tseem muaj cov lipids uas lub cev tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm nws tus kheej. Lawv yuav tsum poobrau hauv tib neeg lub cev nrog zaub mov. Lawv pom muaj nyob hauv zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshuaj ntsuab, txiv ntoo, cereals, sunflower thiab txiv roj roj thiab lwm yam khoom cog.
YLipids-vitamin
Qee cov vitamins, los ntawm lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg, muaj nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm lipids. Cov no yog cov vitamins A, D, E thiab K. Lawv yuav tsum tau noj nrog zaub mov.
| Functions | Kev tsis txaus | khoom | |
| Koom tes hauv kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial. Nws yog ib feem ntawm rhodopsin, pom cov xim. | Dry and flaky skin. Kev pom kev tsis pom kev hauv lub teeb pom kev tsis zoo. | mob siab, zaub ntsuab, carrots, zaub txhwb qaib, cov kua txob liab, apricots. | |
| Vitamin K (phylloquinone) | Koom nrog calcium metabolism. Activates proteins lub luag hauj lwm rau cov ntshav txhaws, koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov pob txha pob txha. | Kev ua kom cov pob txha mos, tsis muaj ntshav txhaws, ntsev tso rau ntawm phab ntsa hlab ntsha, pob txha deformity. Tsis muaj vitamin K yog tsawg heev. | Synthesized los ntawm plab hnyuv kab mob. Kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv lettuce, nettle, spinach, cabbage. |
| koom nrog hauv calcium metabolism, tsim cov pob txha thiab cov hniav enamel. | Rickets | Ntses roj, qe qe, mis nyuj, butter. Synthesized nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob. | |
| Vitamin E (tocopherol) | Txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Koom tes hauv cov ntaub so ntswg rov tsim dua tshiab. Tiv thaiv cell membranes los ntawm kev puas tsuaj. | Nyob rau hauv permeability ntawm cell membranes, txo kev tiv thaiv. | zaub, zaub roj. |
Yog li peb saib cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm lipids. Tam sim no koj paub tias cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv, dab tsi ua lub luag haujlwm ua lipids hauv tib neeg lub cev.
Zoo kawg
Lipids yog cov organic complex uas muab faib ua yooj yim thiab complex. Lawv ua yim lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev: lub zog, khaws cia, qauv, antioxidant, tiv thaiv, kev tswj hwm, digestive thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj lipid-vitamin. Lawv ua ntau yam haujlwm lom neeg.
